Vocabulary

Introduces a noun phrase: the direct object, the subject complement, or the existential subject. Objects are optional; repeat 乃 for separate object roles, or use 和 for several items in one role. 不 乃 denies existence. The identity use is Chinese-motivated; object and existential marking are Sino-Mini extensions.

Introduces an asserted quality or state, including location and ambient descriptions. After an object, it can describe a quality directly caused by the action; a separate or incidental outcome needs another clause. It does not imply seeming or becoming. 很 means very.

Introduces a verbal predicate; initially without a subject it introduces a command. Shared-subject predicates each retain their own marker. A literary Chinese particle repurposed as a structural marker, not an aspect marker.

Separates a preceding noun modifier from the head that follows, or separates a verb stack from a following manner expression. Separates any explicit participant from a named infinitive or activity: 我 的 在 兮 读 means my reading. Ordinary possession before a noun needs no extra marker. A following preposition, 乃 object, or return comma ends the manner group; a comparative manner expression includes its own 比 standard.

Refers to objects, ideas, and situations, not people. Unchanged as subject, object, or possessor: 它 色 = its color. Number can follow context; 它 们 makes an inanimate plural explicit. Use 他 for a person. 他 and 它 are both pronounced tā; the personal/inanimate distinction is written, not spoken.

Excluded automatic extensions: Here is a location reading not clearly distinguished in the headword.

As a question word, asks for a value in its ordinary position. After a head, introduces a complete content clause or a relative with one role supplied by that head; a relative may specify that role with a preposition. There is no closing word. A return comma closes open dependent expressions and resumes the main clause. Clause introduction is a Sino-Mini extension.

Joins expressions with the same grammatical role. Predicates can share a subject, retaining their own markers, objects, and modifiers. Items in one object role share 乃; different object roles repeat it. Accompaniment uses 跟. Harmony and peace are not additional adopted senses.

Connects contrasting expressions, including predicates sharing a subject. Each predicate retains its marker. Except, meaning subtraction from a set, is not an additional adopted sense.

Offers alternatives between expressions with the same grammatical role. Shared-subject predicates retain their own predicate markers.

Introduces a source after its head. 从 兮 forms a passive participle whose noun head supplies the first direct object of the innermost action; the actor is unspecified. It does not mark completion or past time. Use an active relative to name the actor. There are no 从 呈 or 从 乃 forms.

Before an action in a verbal predicate: progressive. Before 兮/呈/乃: active participle, naming an activity in a noun slot or describing a preceding noun head as its subject. An explicit participant of a named activity is separated from it with 的, for pronouns and other noun expressions alike. Without 的, the participle describes the preceding head. Ordinary 在 + noun expresses location.

Introduces a direction toward a landmark, or an infinitive before 兮, 呈, or 乃. An infinitive modifying a predicate shares its subject; one describing a noun takes that noun as subject. In a noun slot, the participant may be unspecified or identified by a preceding modifier separated with 的. Ordinary going uses 去; 往 is not a future auxiliary.

Ordinary semantic word for going. Objects are optional. Does not introduce infinitives; 往 retains that role.

Exact sameness or equality. 同 quality 比 standard expresses equal degree, as in 同 大 比 你, as big as you. Loose resemblance uses 像; accompaniment uses 跟.

Affirmative interjection, pronounced ǹg, a syllabic ng with a falling tone. Can answer alone or precede a full clause. It is not a structural particle.

Ordinary preceding modifier that negates the following word or expression; its scope follows normal grouping, including before a relation or comparison. It also supplies a short no response. 不 乃 denies existence; 不 有 denies possession. It has no inherent past or not-yet meaning.

Precedes the expression it modifies. Before a noun expression, quantifies that expression; within a predicate, applies to the following action or quality where its meaning fits, without quantifying the subject.

Marks a higher degree before a quality; 比 introduces the comparison standard, which may be understood from context. 更 好 means better. 最 更 selects the maximum degree in the comparison set.

Many/much; genuine very is 很.

Excluded automatic extensions: Current broad animal scope differs from the narrower Chinese cue.

Excluded automatic extensions: Forehead is a particular body part, not a general front relation.

Excluded automatic extensions: Smell and taste share a sensory domain but are separable channels.

Possession in an ordinary verbal predicate: 我 兮 有 乃 书, I have a book. 不 有 denies possession. Subjectless existence uses 乃; 有 is not an existential or perfect-aspect marker.

Excluded automatic extensions: A fight/battle involves an event structure beyond a single strike.

Expresses giving or a gift. As a relation after its head, introduces a recipient or beneficiary: 买 给 你 乃 书 means buy a book for you.

Excluded automatic extensions: Problem can mean a task or issue that is not difficult.

Excluded automatic extensions: A flash is not necessarily electrical.

Excluded automatic extensions: Individual relatives and domestication go beyond a household/place category.

Excluded automatic extensions: General hot duplicates 热 and does not entail fire; its note already rejects that extension.

Excluded automatic extensions: A representation, visible appearance, and apparent truth are different uses.

Joining or being together. Use 组 for a neutral group/set and 队 for a team or formation.

Excluded automatic extensions: An instruction need not be a rule or law.

Ability/capacity to perform an action. Physical energy needs an explicitly stated measurable capacity, system, and units; 能 量 has no fixed energy definition.

Rise/elevate only. Litre uses L in the unit notation register.

Food only. Use 吃 for the act of eating.

Eating. Objects may be expressed with 乃 or left to context.

Perhaps/possibility.

Visual perception or attention. A full 什 clause can describe a perceived situation. Looking does not necessarily entail successful perception.

Another member or alternative. Use 异 when asserting a difference in properties.

No experiential operator or neutral guo reading.

Excluded automatic extensions: Statistical rarity and strangeness can diverge.

The middle or interior. Inside/within is the location use already present in the grammar.

Excluded automatic extensions: Calling out is a sound action; summoning someone is a communicative purpose.

Vegetables only; plants in general use 植.

Truth, genuineness, or reality in context. State the particular claim when truth and existence must be distinguished. 实 is not a separate word.

Coming into life or existence. Continued living uses 活. Raw, unfamiliar, student, and other Mandarin senses are not automatic meanings.

Excluded automatic extensions: Violating any rule, assault, and sexual assault are not interchangeable events.

Assistance. Concern, care, and advocacy need not be the same relationship.

Excluded automatic extensions: Submersion alone does not assert drowning.

Excluded automatic extensions: Eagle and hawk are distinct members of a broad category.

Excluded automatic extensions: An eon is a large duration, not an age; age as action has unregistered argument choices.

Excluded automatic extensions: Machete is another tool; chopping does not require an axe.

Excluded automatic extensions: Financial accounts and recounting a story share an English word, not a semantic core.

Control or regulation. An accusation is expressed by stating the claimed wrongdoing; accuse is not an automatic meaning.

Difference or variation. Foreign origin needs a country or origin description.

Still; continuing to the reference point. 还 不 is not yet. No unrestricted scalar/additive even.

Excluded automatic extensions: Antiquity of an object/time and age of a living individual need not be the same.

Excluded automatic extensions: These are related animals, not synonyms.

Excluded automatic extensions: Waiting need not involve hope; expectation need not be a wish.

Excluded automatic extensions: Spatial extent/size is a quantity, not necessarily a region.

Excluded automatic extensions: Vinegar is one substance, and taste is not a complete chemical definition.

Excluded automatic extensions: Performance does not cover every action, behavior, or being active.

A small discrete particle or granule. Does not identify an atom; scientific uses must specify the kind of particle.

Excluded automatic extensions: Attention need not involve a warning or danger.

Excluded automatic extensions: Golf is a source typo, not a sense of the geographical word.

Excluded automatic extensions: A balanced distribution and a fair one need not be the same.

Excluded automatic extensions: Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are different members of a stated class.

Excluded automatic extensions: Rolling is a motion also possible for nonspherical objects.

Physical weight or figurative importance, distinguished by context. A weight measurement makes the physical sense explicit. The fixed reading remains zhòng; repeated/again is not included.

Excluded automatic extensions: Floor, ground, and a basis overlap but are not equivalent.

Excluded automatic extensions: Bacteria, fungi, and germs have overlapping but different scopes.

Excluded automatic extensions: Baptism is a ritual that need not be identified merely by immersion.

Excluded automatic extensions: Fuel is a category; gasoline and benzene cannot both be exact readings of the same bare word.

Excluded automatic extensions: Grapes/olives are specific fruits; an exact botanical category is not established.

Excluded automatic extensions: Hurrying can occur without being busy, and busy activity need not be fast.

Excluded automatic extensions: A firm and negotiation are participants/actions, not synonyms for commerce.

Excluded automatic extensions: Boiling and making bubbles are not equivalent processes.

Excluded automatic extensions: An architectural arch is a shape analogy; a vault adds structural meaning.

Excluded automatic extensions: Crystal and transparent material are not identical material categories.

Ammunition/projectile only, read dàn. Mechanical spring is 簧; plucking is a described action.

Excluded automatic extensions: Cow, ox, bison, buffalo refer to different animals or life roles.

Excluded automatic extensions: Evidence, conclusive proof, and testimony have different evidential force.

Already relative to a stated or understood reference time. It is an ordinary modifier, not a past tense or perfective marker.

Excluded automatic extensions: Being overwhelmed psychologically or numerically need not involve water.

Introduces a consequence or in-that-case setting. As an opening adverbial topic, it is followed by a comma before the subject. It is optional after a 若 condition.

Tooth or dental concept; its grammatical role and interpretation follow context.

Depiction or making a picture. 涂 describes applying paint or a coating to a surface.

Finger as the lexical center. A toe can be described as a foot finger/digit in context. Pointing is not automatically added as another meaning.

Excluded automatic extensions: Bodily fatness and dietary fat differ from thickness.

Excluded automatic extensions: Forgetting and forgiving are different acts; the note explicitly says so.

Saying or speaking. 告 centers on informing a recipient; the two may apply to the same event from different perspectives.

Division only. Minutes are numerical quantities in the min notation register; no second lexical sense.

Excluded automatic extensions: A paid/free servant is not thereby enslaved.

Refers to the subject of its own clause, including a shared subject in conjunction. It does not refer across an intervening subject. In an infinitive or participle it follows that expression's participant relationships.

Excluded automatic extensions: Optical reflection and resounding are different processes.

Excluded automatic extensions: A propeller is a device, not every spiral or rotating thing.

Excluded automatic extensions: An emergency and urging are related but not equivalent.

Excluded automatic extensions: An interview need not be a test, and an investigation need not be an exam.

Excluded automatic extensions: Methodical does not imply precision.

A related persistence/preservation family. 我 兮 存 乃 钱 can mean I save/store money; context distinguishes existence from keeping a specified thing.

Bodily hunger. Famine requires an explicit description of widespread food shortage.

Excluded automatic extensions: Extreme is not always distance.

Excluded automatic extensions: Sand need not be powder; grinding is a process rather than a synonym for powder.

Excluded automatic extensions: Beans, peas, and lentils are subtypes.

Excluded automatic extensions: Doing someone a favor is not the same as favoring/liking them.

Excluded automatic extensions: Fertilizer is an input and productive extends far beyond fertility.

Excluded automatic extensions: Steel is not pure iron.

Burning heat. 火 already covers fire/burning, 焦 the scorched result, and 烤 roasting. Does not mean fever or all cooking.

Excluded automatic extensions: Silk, wire, and dietary roughage introduce particular materials and functions.

Excluded automatic extensions: Loyalty is conduct/commitment, not necessarily belief.

Shape/form only. A statue or figurine needs a description of the object.

Arranging in a row. 列 remains a series or list. Does not name a steak, chop, or every kind of ordering.

Child/offspring only. Plant seed uses 种.

The feared thing is introduced by 乃.

Excluded automatic extensions: Being a sheet does not mean flat, and flat does not mean a leaf.

Excluded automatic extensions: A fountain or dug well need not be a spring.

Excluded automatic extensions: Burying and digging are different acts.

Excluded automatic extensions: Whole can mean complete rather than filled.

Excluded automatic extensions: Tobacco, cigarettes, and cigars are products/materials that generate smoke.

Excluded automatic extensions: Pouring an already-liquid substance does not imply melting.

Debt or indebtedness. The former yawn/gape allocation is retired.

A place for storing things. 车 库 describes a vehicle storehouse; phrases have no separate dictionary definitions.

Excluded automatic extensions: Catty as spiteful behavior is an English association, not a cat category.

Excluded automatic extensions: A gene is a biological unit, not inheritance itself.

Excluded automatic extensions: Meaning, intention, and an idea may differ even within one sentence.

Excluded automatic extensions: Empire and imperial are not synonymous with commanding.

Work or labor as a general concept. Industry can be described through production, factories, and the relevant sector. No separate work/toil distinction is required.

Information or a bounded communicative message in context. 告 centers on informing someone. No separate message-only entry is required.

An ordinary broad small-creature category. This does not classify worms as zoological insects.

A directed placement or commitment toward a target, physically or contextually. 扔 is physical throwing. Investment and voting require the funds or ballot context; combinations have no separate lexical definitions.

Inviting or politely requesting. In an ordinary verb stack, 请 adds optional politeness: 兮 请 来 means please come; 兮 请 不 开 乃 门 means please do not open the door. No separate politeness particle or special word order is required.

Excluded automatic extensions: Situational irony need not involve sarcasm or any speaker mocking someone.

Searching does not assert finding.

Excluded automatic extensions: Mug and beaker overlap 杯 and lack the same shape/function.

Physical throwing. Does not by itself mean discard or abandon.

General metal. No automatic exact gold reading. Name or define the specific metal in a precision context.

Turning or changing orientation. The fixed reading is zhuǎn; unqualified spinning or whirling is not automatically included.

Joy/happiness only; the yuè music reading is not adopted. Describe music with pitched sounds and artistic performance.

Expresses a cause or reason. After its head, introduces a causal relation with a noun phrase or 什 clause. An opening causal clause is followed by a comma; a trailing causal clause is set off from the main clause by a comma.

Excluded automatic extensions: Coal is a material containing carbon, not the element itself.

Excluded automatic extensions: Cardboard is material and charter is a legal document, neither guaranteed by card.

Calendar. A program or agenda can use 程; schedule and timetable are not automatic meanings here.

Excluded automatic extensions: English -ness and the verb attribute imply operations not defined by the word.

Heat/hot only. A caloric unit, if needed, is identified explicitly in technical notation.

Walking only; does not automatically mean leave, go by any means, or a counted step.

Excluded automatic extensions: Camping and a campsite are activities/places that need not be fields.

Excluded automatic extensions: A gun barrel is part of a weapon, not the whole weapon.

Square geometry. A public plaza requires a place description; direction uses 向 and method uses 式 or 术.

Excluded automatic extensions: Horse, donkey, mule are related but distinct.

Ash and the associated gray color. Context distinguishes the substance from the color; 烬 is no longer a separate entry.

Excluded automatic extensions: An animal horn is a separate referent.

Excluded automatic extensions: An intersection shape and a crucifix used as a religious object should not be automatically equivalent.

Excluded automatic extensions: An informal animal grouping is not necessarily a single exact taxon.

Departure or separation. Deliberately abandoning or giving something up uses 弃.

Excluded automatic extensions: Any bump/protrusion greatly broadens the category.

Excluded automatic extensions: A spine is a particular anatomical structure.

Introduces the standard within a degree expression: 更 / 减 / 同 quality 比 standard. It does not by itself replace the degree word or predicate marker. In a manner comparison it remains inside the manner expression.

A corridor or passage, distinct from a large shared room 厅.

Excluded automatic extensions: Blanket, cloak, and shawl are types of covers/clothes, not exact synonyms.

Elbow only; nudging is a specified contact action. No cubit unit meaning.

Excluded automatic extensions: A cube is a geometric subtype, and a brick a construction product.

Outward expression or display. Cousin, table, form, and watch are not automatic meanings. Describe a cousin as a parent's sibling's child when that relationship matters.

Tears as the lexical center. 哭 is the ordinary crying concept; grammatical role remains contextual for both words.

Excluded automatic extensions: Pond overlaps 池.

Waste and discarded material. Discarding need not involve throwing; 扔 remains physical throwing. No general depose or abolish meaning.

Excluded automatic extensions: Wool is a particular fiber source.

Excluded automatic extensions: Inactivity need not be laziness.

Excluded automatic extensions: Latitude is a geographic coordinate or figurative freedom, not width.

Reading written content, silently or aloud. An object is optional. 完 makes completion explicit. No clause-boundary or punctuation meaning.

Excluded automatic extensions: A lens and a mirror perform different optical functions.

Excluded automatic extensions: Lion, tiger, panther are different members.

Release or liberation. 解 centers on explanation. Physical unbinding can be described as releasing the binding; the intended relationship follows context.

Excluded automatic extensions: All mollusks would include animals outside that everyday grouping.

Excluded automatic extensions: All citrus is broader than lemon and lime.

Excluded automatic extensions: Walking with a limp is English homonymy.

The bodily tongue. Language uses 语. 小语 is now the established proper name of Sino-Mini, literally little language.

Language as a system of communication, spoken, written, or signed. 说 concerns saying/speaking, 话 speech/conversation, and 词 an individual word. The fixed reading is yǔ.

Excluded automatic extensions: Fattening and frying do not follow from a substance name alone.

Excluded automatic extensions: Literature is a body of work, not a written symbol; spelling is an action over symbols.

Excluded automatic extensions: Longitude is a specific coordinate, not general length.

Loss or losing; the intended relationship and participants follow context.

Illusion or imagined appearance. Does not automatically mean magic; describe the intended magical event explicitly.

Excluded automatic extensions: A spice is a substance that may be aromatic; it is not fragrance itself.

Usual or recurring behavior. Being frequent need not mean being unremarkable; describe the latter explicitly when needed. 永 means throughout the stated interval.

Excluded automatic extensions: Melon, pumpkin, gourd are related subtypes.

Marks a lower degree before a quality; 比 introduces the comparison standard. 减 好 means less good, not necessarily bad. 最 减 selects the minimum degree. The arithmetic use remains subtraction.

Excluded automatic extensions: A false statement can be a sincere mistake.

A way of doing something. Technology can be described through applied methods, devices, and systems; 巧 covers skillfulness.

Excluded automatic extensions: Missing a target, missing a train, and failing to notice are not the same as lacking something.

Rice grain only. The unit metre is written m in the SI notation register; no second lexical sense.

Excluded automatic extensions: Emotional mood is not necessarily a mode; fashionable is not every manner.

Excluded automatic extensions: Mosquito and fly are distinct; not every fly bites.

Excluded automatic extensions: Monkey, gorilla, chimpanzee are distinct animals.

Excluded automatic extensions: Morale is not morality.

Death or dying. 做 什 can make causation explicit.

Excluded automatic extensions: A movie is not motion itself; the note rejects it.

The broad rodent category, with mouse and rat as familiar instances. Specify species when needed.

Astronomical star/point of light. A planet requires a description of the kind of celestial body, not this bare word alone. No celebrity/highlight meaning.

Excluded automatic extensions: Thin may mean thickness rather than width; a strait is a geographical feature.

Excluded automatic extensions: Food cream, ointment, and other pastes are different substances.

Spatial or contextual proximity, including approximation to a stated number or value. No separate 约 approximation word is added.

A core or kernel. Does not generically name every edible nut; a hard-fruit description needs further context for precision.

Excluded automatic extensions: Political neutrality, grammatical neuter, impartiality, and boredom are distinct.

Excluded automatic extensions: A situation is not an administrative unit.

Excluded automatic extensions: Every plant bulb is not an onion.

Excluded automatic extensions: A duration unit and a clock reading need distinct numerical constructions.

Excluded automatic extensions: A one-word English gloss hides orange's fruit/color ambiguity.

Excluded automatic extensions: Hiding is an act and hidden need not mean shaded.

The sheep/goat category. Specify the animal when the distinction matters; 羚 remains antelope.

Excluded automatic extensions: Forgiving, approving/condoning, and making excuses differ.

The wrapping or packaging family. A container is interpreted through this use; no automatic bun, guarantee, or include sense.

Excluded automatic extensions: These are related kinds of insect.

An organized team or formation. 组 names a neutral group or set; a procession is described through the group's movement.

A parent. More distant kin are described through their relationships, such as a parent's sibling. Gender or a biological, adoptive, or other parental relationship can be specified when relevant.

Excluded automatic extensions: A grid or grate is not the act of grilling.

A step or pace. 走 remains walking. The former general-walking allocation of 步 remains historical.

Excluded automatic extensions: Duck, goose, swan are subtypes.

Temporary duration. 暂 停 describes a temporary stop without defining another word.

Physical hanging or suspension; no narrative-suspense sense.

Excluded automatic extensions: Combing and sweeping need not use the same tool or action.

A musical instrument whose sound is produced by strings. Describe the playing mechanism to distinguish instruments.

Applying a material to a surface. 画 is depiction or making a picture.

Patrolling. A police role requires its institutional enforcement relationship to be described.

Excluded automatic extensions: Populous and popular are different claims.

Excluded automatic extensions: Port is a place, cargo a transported thing.

Excluded automatic extensions: Ordinary praise or affectionate adoration need not be worship.

Excluded automatic extensions: Malleability is a property not limited to plastic.

Excluded automatic extensions: Knob, hilt, and handgrip are not fists.

A point or dot; before decimal digits it supplies the decimal point. Fractional digits are read individually. Indicating something and being physically sharp are not additional adopted senses.

Excluded automatic extensions: Clean is not necessarily pure, and cleansing may mean removing dirt rather than impurities.

Excluded automatic extensions: Mathematical radius is not radiation.

Root. Rhizomes and tubers are different plant structures and require appropriate descriptions.

Excluded automatic extensions: A tree branch and every kind of limb are not arms.

Excluded automatic extensions: Randomness in probability and arbitrary choice are not identical.

Precedes a number to express ordinal position: 第 三 书, the third book. Social status is not implied without a stated ranking.

Excluded automatic extensions: A fraction may mean a number representation, an arbitrary part, or a ratio.

Excluded automatic extensions: A physical or chemical reaction is not necessarily a reply.

Excluded automatic extensions: Revolution may name a major change without rebellion, and treason is a legal category.

Excluded automatic extensions: Available is not the same as prepared.

Excluded automatic extensions: A measuring ruler is English homonymy with rule.

Excluded automatic extensions: A train is a vehicle on tracks, not the track.

Excluded automatic extensions: A rudder steers without necessarily propelling.

Excluded automatic extensions: Borrowing need not involve payment.

Excluded automatic extensions: Rhythm and influence are not automatically flow.

Excluded automatic extensions: Reptiles are a biological class, not anything that crawls.

Excluded automatic extensions: Acknowledging is an act that may occur without receiving an object.

Conventional social conduct, including ritual and courtesy. Does not mean general gentleness.

Centered on skirts and dresses. A robe needs a contextual garment description when the distinction matters.

Excluded automatic extensions: Grunting does not imply sleep or snoring.

Excluded automatic extensions: Pink is a color and rose a plant.

Excluded automatic extensions: An adventure can occur without travel and travel need not be adventurous.

Excluded automatic extensions: A narrative need not be fictional.

Excluded automatic extensions: Not all seasoning is salt.

A hall or shared room. A living-room interpretation depends on use and context.

Hello/greeting on meeting. Farewell is expressed by an explicit wish or leaving statement; no goodbye sense.

Excluded automatic extensions: Retrieving an object need not rescue it; theological salvation is domain-specific.

Excluded automatic extensions: Uncivilized and savage carry social/evaluative meanings unrelated to biological wildness.

Introduces a condition, including 若 什 full clause. An opening condition is a topic followed by a comma. The consequence may use optional 则, also followed by a comma. No special conditional conjugation or matching 则 is required; 若 is not an embedded yes/no question marker.

Excluded automatic extensions: A seat/chair is an object used for sitting; not every sit event implies a chair.

Excluded automatic extensions: A prison/small room is English homonymy.

Seed or sowing in context, always pronounced zhǒng in Sino-Mini. This fixed reading is a deliberate regularization, not a noun/verb pronunciation alternation.

Excluded automatic extensions: Partial and incomplete may be any fraction, not specifically one half.

A stage or platform. Does not automatically name any scene, view, or event setting.

Excluded automatic extensions: A judicial sentence/verdict is not a linguistic sentence.

Feeling or experience. 呈 can introduce the experienced quality.

Closing or shutting off. No mountain-pass, checkpoint, or border sense.

The sexual concept. Gender, biological sex classification, and arbitrary properties are not automatic synonyms; state the intended distinction when needed.

A sibling of any gender or age relative to the speaker. This neutralization is a deliberate Sino-Mini extension. State age or gender when relevant.

Excluded automatic extensions: Hissing, fizzing, and whizzing differ acoustically and by source.

Science or a scientific field in context. There is no grammatical -ology suffix.

Excluded automatic extensions: Trivial/unimportant need not mean foolish.

Soil or earth material. Does not automatically mean clay, mud, native, rustic, or unsophisticated.

Alone in a stated set/context; sole occupant/member when that set has one member. Not a free focus particle meaning only anywhere. Cardinal one is 一.

Explanation or interpretation. Physical untying uses a release description where appropriate. Solve, melt, dissolve, and other Mandarin senses are not automatically added.

Excluded automatic extensions: Few asserts a small amount, whereas some need not.

Suddenness or abruptness. Does not mean causing an arbitrary event to happen or precipitating a substance.

Considering and putting forward ideas. 论 centers on an articulated position or theory rather than the discussion itself.

Excluded automatic extensions: Institutional corruption is not physical dirt.

Excluded automatic extensions: Calculate already has 算; score may be a measure other than a sum.

Immediate occurrence. Does not mean soon in general.

Introduces a concession with a noun phrase or 虽 什 clause. An opening concessive clause is followed by a comma. No matching 但 is required; however and nevertheless do not add separate syntax.

Excluded automatic extensions: A generic fee, bill, and charge need not be taxation.

Antelope. Goat belongs with 羊; the two categories are not interchangeable.

Excluded automatic extensions: Grammatical tense is English homonymy.

A theory or articulated position. Discussion and proposal-making center on 议.

Excluded automatic extensions: A can need not be made of tin.

Excluded automatic extensions: Tint/hue is a color property, not the substance used for writing.

Excluded automatic extensions: Quality is a property, not a class; typicality is relative to a category.

Containing or accommodating; the intended application follows context.

Excluded automatic extensions: A mountain summit is not headwear.

Excluded automatic extensions: An animal barking is not coughing.

Violent force or behavior. Storms require meteorological descriptions; sudden events do not automatically follow from this word.

Throughout the stated interval. 永 不 is ordinary interval-wide negation; it does not add a lexical never word or existential ever reading.

Excluded automatic extensions: An arbitrary swelling/bulge does not identify a tumor.

Excluded automatic extensions: Dumb can mean unable to speak or unintelligent; neither follows from bluntness.

Excluded automatic extensions: Solidarity is collective alignment/support, not necessarily kindness.

Excluded automatic extensions: Crab is also a crustacean but has 蟹.

Excluded automatic extensions: Mitre has several English senses, none supplied just by hook.

Excluded automatic extensions: Shame does not entail humility.

Excluded automatic extensions: Related keratinous body parts have different forms.

Excluded automatic extensions: Universal may mean applicable to all, rather than cosmic.

Pregnancy. The gestational organ can be described anatomically; pregnancy and the uterus are not the same referent.

False or fake. The fixed reading is now jiǎ. Vacation or leave is described through time off or rest; it is not a remaining meaning of 假.

Excluded automatic extensions: Outer space and vacuum are related but not equivalent; vacuous can be evaluative.

Excluded automatic extensions: Awareness of a fact is not necessarily wakefulness.

Excluded automatic extensions: Mirror and screen were already assigned separate words, but remain in this gloss.

Recording, with sound or moving images specified when the medium matters. No video-only meaning.

Introduces the time during which an event occurs, with a noun phrase or 什 clause. An opening time clause is a topic followed by a comma.

Excluded automatic extensions: Hat brim and arbitrary vanes are shape/function extensions.

The vibrating string of a musical instrument, not the instrument itself.

A ticket or ballot interpreted by its institutional use. A vote can be described through ballot use; 选 covers choosing or electing.

Centered on chairs. Specify a backless stool or bench when the distinction matters; these are contextual descriptions, not automatic exact synonyms.

Excluded automatic extensions: Kind and grade import independent classifier/evaluation senses.

Leading or guidance, including a leader as a contextual participant use. 引 attraction remains distinct; no separate 领 entry is required.

Excluded automatic extensions: A storey is a part rather than the building.

Excluded automatic extensions: Eliminating something and consuming it are different processes beyond generic decrease.

Excluded automatic extensions: Order may mean sequence, command, or systematic organization.

An institutional establishment; courtyard uses 庭. 医 院 is simply a medical establishment, not a guaranteed hospital type.

Pitched or musical sound. General sound/voice uses 声. 音 艺 is art involving such sounds; it has no special dictionary meaning.

Follows a complete statement to ask a yes/no question. It does not move to the front. Content questions normally omit it; a quoted inner question keeps its own quotation domain.

Expresses finishing or completion through ordinary verb stacking: 完 读, finish reading. It does not set past time or introduce a postverbal aspect slot. 不 完 读 denies completion without necessarily denying all reading.

Follows 我, 你, 他, or 它 to make plurality explicit: 我 们, 你 们, 他 们, 它 们. Not used with ordinary nouns. These are grammatical sequences, not additional dictionary words.

Selects an extreme together with a direction word: 最 更 quality for the maximum, 最 减 quality for the minimum. Both words are required. Context supplies the comparison set; ties are possible.

Yesterday. Use the word alone; no fixed yesterday compound is necessary.

Bright/visually clear only. The succeeding day is 继 日; tomorrow when anchored to today. No future helper.

Earning or earnings. Net profit means income minus costs.

Introduces a purpose after its head, using a named goal, 什 clause, or 往 infinitive. An event-purpose phrase comes before its object; a noun-purpose phrase follows the noun. Purpose expresses an intended outcome, not its achievement. 给 identifies a recipient; 因 a cause.

State the institution and authorized action. Authority and entitlement remain a deliberately related institutional family, not practical ability or physical force.

Criterion-relative excellence, not inherent moral goodness. Comparative forms still require 更/减/同 and a standard where stated.

Material or financial means only. General resources may be described broadly as 用 物, or by naming the actual time, abilities, goods, or other means.

Waiting or awaiting, without asserting hope, belief, or eventual occurrence. No equality or etcetera meaning.

Borrower is the subject; 乃 item, with 从 source. Return is intended, not guaranteed. No lending-direction sense; payment is not asserted.

Granular sand material, distinct from generic powder 粉.

Physical hardness, not difficulty 难 or metaphorical cruelty.

Flatness/levelness only. Does not mean peace, equality, or every sense of smooth.

Olfactory perception, pleasant or unpleasant; taste is 味 and fragrance is 香.

Pouring does not entail melting 熔. 乃 liquid; destination uses 往 before the object.

Burial or burying, distinct from excavation. State the material or location when useful.

Refers to a person of any gender. Unchanged as subject, object, or possessor: 他 书 = his/her/their book. 他 们 makes personal plurality explicit. Use 它 for inanimate referents. The gender-neutral written use is a Sino-Mini assignment.

The biological plant concept, with ordinary contextual action uses permitted. 菜 names vegetables. Grammatical position and context determine the intended role.

Adds another participant, action, or description to one understood from context. Ordinary modifier: 也 读 means also read; 再 读 means read again.

Restricts the following expression in context. 只 我 names only me; 只 读 names only reading. 独 remains alone or sole within a stated set.

A small quantity, distinct from 减 comparing a lower quantity or degree.

Additive change and arithmetic addition. 合 joins and 总 expresses a total; neither is an automatic synonym for addition.

Age or long duration. Context distinguishes an aged friend from a friendship of long standing. 古 remains ancient.

Returning to a place or earlier position. 再 means again; 背 refers to a bodily back or rear.

Movement into an interior. Replaces 入 for entry. Uses ordinary grammatical constructions without importing Mandarin directional-complement rules.

Movement outward, distinct from the broader departure or abandonment expressed by 离.

Spatial straightness or directness in context. Does not automatically mean morally right or geometrically flat.

Moisture or wetness, contrasting with 干 dry.

Cleanliness. 纯 means pure or unmixed; 明 concerns brightness or visual clarity.

The bitter taste. Hardship and suffering are not automatic meanings of this word.

Temperature between cool and hot in context. No automatic gentle-personality or review/revise sense.

Counterpart to 厚. Use 瘦 for bodily leanness. The fixed reading is báo.

Bodily shape, distinct from material thickness 厚 and fatty material 脂.

Bodily leanness, contrasting with 胖. Sheet thickness uses 薄.

Causing death. Also expressible through 做 and 死; this word gives the common concept a concise form.

Harm or damaging effects, contrasting with 益 benefit.

Building or construction. Does not automatically mean every kind of establishment or accomplishment. The former suggestion sense remains retired.

Successful accomplishment. An ordinary semantic word, not an aspect marker or result particle. 完 concerns completion without necessarily asserting success.

Concealment. Shade 阴 and submerging 潜 are different concepts. No automatic storage sense.

A unit of language. 字 names a written character or letter; 句 names a phrase or sentence.

The visitor role, including a customer in a service setting. The particular relationship follows context.

A chopstick. Context or ordinary number expressions indicate one stick or a pair.

Falling or dropping, distinct from the downward direction 下. Participants and any object follow the ordinary grammar.

Primary status or role, distinct from importance 重. Ownership and hosting are described through their relationships rather than assumed from 主.

A group or set in context, including objects or people. 队 centers on a team or formation, and 合 on joining/together.

Deliberately relinquishing something. 离 concerns leaving or separation; 废 concerns waste or discarded material.

Communicating information to someone. 说 concerns saying/speaking, and 讯 information or a message. Accusation requires the alleged wrongdoing to be stated; it is not an automatic meaning.

Crying or weeping. 泪 centers on tears. These are lexical centers, not fixed noun/verb classes.

An unpleasant smell, contrasting with 香 fragrant. The fixed reading is chòu.

Ordinary modification expressing reciprocity. 他 们 兮 相 帮 means they help one another. Participants and scope follow context; no separate clause construction is introduced.

An occurrence for counting events. 三 次 means three occurrences in context; it does not measure three hours or require classifiers for other nouns.

Recognition of a person, pattern, or other referent. 知 remains knowing/understanding; acknowledgement is not automatically required.

Being alive or living. 生 concerns birth or origination, rather than continued life.

Undergoing an effect or experience. 收 concerns receiving something. This is an ordinary semantic word, not a passive particle.

An extended time interval. Does not automatically name an expectation or deadline.

A physical edge or side in context. 限 remains a limit, restriction, or boundary.

Adjustment or tuning. Use the fixed tiáo reading; tone and transfer senses associated with diào are not included.

An organized political party. A social gathering or celebration is a different concept.

A discrete level in a stated hierarchy or scale, distinct from physical height or undifferentiated quantity.

Checking or inspecting. 找 centers on searching and 考 on examination; the intended activity follows context.

A mark or label used to identify or indicate something. 图 concerns pictures and diagrams; 示 concerns showing.