Sino-Mini (小舌)

Decisions & sources

Vocabulary notes

Mandarin meanings guide the vocabulary. Where Mini’s useful distinctions or grammatical machinery call for a different assignment, the difference is recorded explicitly.

Meaning departures and sound borrowings

The active dictionary contains no compound entries. These records compare adopted Sino-Mini words with Chinese sources. A revised narrow meaning can be a good Chinese match even if it no longer covers every original Mini sense. “Partial” is a conservative editorial flag, not a source of extra meanings.

The productive constructions 在 咿, 在 诶, 在 啊, and 从 咿 deliberately depart from Mandarin syntax. They are discussed in the grammar and are not four poorly matched vocabulary words. The sound-based structural particles 咿、诶、啊 remain deliberate assignments.

Word Pinyin Adopted meaning Source comparison Boundary / use
啊 ā noun object; identity/category; subjectless existence Phonetic Introduces a noun object or identity/category complement. Subjectless 啊 noun asserts existence; 不 啊 noun denies it.
诶 ēi quality/state predicate; licensed descriptive result; ambient quality Phonetic Introduces a quality/state predicate or licensed result description. Initial 诶 quality states an ambient condition.
咿 yī verbal predicate marker Phonetic Introduces the verbal predicate. Initial 咿 without a subject marks a command. Sound-based yī.
的 de phrase grouping; manner separation Partial Separates grouped modifiers, or a verb from its manner. A B 的 C groups [A B] as modifier of C. Not required for possession.
其 qí third person Partial
这 zhè this Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Here is a location reading not clearly distinguished in the headword.
可 kě question word; post-head finite-clause modifier introducer Phonetic Interrogative, or post-head clause introducer under the positional rules. No closing word.
和 hé and; coordination Partial Excluded automatic extensions: With/accompaniment conflicts with 跟; harmony and peace introduce independent content meanings.
但 dàn but; contrast Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Except is subtraction from a set rather than ordinary discourse contrast.
从 cóng from; source relation Partial Source/from. In 从 咿, forms a passive participle whose head supplies the first direct-object role. This is a grammatical construction, not a separate word.
在 zài location relation; progressive operator; active-participle introducer Partial After a head: location. Before an action in a verbal predicate: progressive. Before 咿/诶/啊 in noun position: active-participle construction.
同 tóng same; equal Partial Exact sameness/equality in the relevant comparison. Loose resemblance uses 像.
不 bù no, not Partial Sole grammatical negator and short no response.
零 líng nothing, zero Partial
太 tài too, too much Partial
兽 shòu animal Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Current broad animal scope differs from the narrower Chinese cue.
前 qián before; in front; forward Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Forehead is a particular body part, not a general front relation.
味 wèi taste; flavor Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Smell and taste share a sensory domain but are separable channels.
打 dǎ strike; hitting Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A fight/battle involves an event structure beyond a single strike.
开 kāi open; start; begin an action Partial
难 nán difficult; difficulty Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Problem can mean a task or issue that is not difficult.
电 diàn electricity; electric Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A flash is not necessarily electrical.
家 jiā home; household Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Individual relatives and domestication go beyond a household/place category.
火 huǒ fire; burning by fire Partial Excluded automatic extensions: General hot duplicates 热 and does not entail fire; its note already rejects that extension.
像 xiàng resemble; representation Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A representation, visible appearance, and apparent truth are different uses.
法 fǎ law; rule Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An instruction need not be a rule or law.
能 néng ability; be able Partial Ability/capacity to perform an action. Physical energy needs an explicitly stated measurable capacity, system, and units; 能 量 has no fixed energy definition.
物 wù thing; stuff; matter; material; substance Partial
升 shēng rise; elevate Partial Rise/elevate only. Litre uses L in the unit notation register.
做 zuò make; do; create; cause Partial
许 xǔ maybe, possibility Partial Perhaps/possibility.
视 shì see; view; watch; vision Partial
馍 mó bread Partial
过 guò / guo pass; cross; prior-experience operator Partial Lexical guò means pass/cross; neutral guo before an action marks prior experience. This positional grammatical contrast is retained.
奇 qí strange; unusual in character Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Statistical rarity and strangeness can diverge.
声 shēng sound; voice Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Calling out is a sound action; summoning someone is a communicative purpose.
糖 táng sugar, sweet Partial
地 dì earth; ground; land; territory Partial
菜 cài plant, vegetable Partial
虐 nüè abuse; mistreat Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Violating any rule, assault, and sexual assault are not interchangeable events.
助 zhù help; assistance Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Concern, care, advocacy, and structural backing have different implications.
溺 nì drown Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Submersion alone does not assert drowning.
鹰 yīng bird of prey Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Eagle and hawk are distinct members of a broad category.
龄 líng age; duration since origin Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An eon is a large duration, not an age; age as action has unregistered argument choices.
程 chéng program, agenda, plan, computer program Partial
斧 fǔ axe; hatchet Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Machete is another tool; chopping does not require an axe.
账 zhàng financial account; ledger Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Financial accounts and recounting a story share an English word, not a semantic core.
异 yì foreign, alien Partial
杏 xìng almond Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A nut, tonsil, and amygdala cannot be interchangeable labels.
还 hái still; continuing to a reference point Partial Still; continuing to the reference point. 还 不 is not yet. No unrestricted scalar/additive even.
古 gǔ ancient; old from a remote period Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Antiquity of an object/time and age of a living individual need not be the same.
蜂 fēng bee or wasp Partial Excluded automatic extensions: These are related animals, not synonyms.
望 wàng hope; hopeful expectation Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Waiting need not involve hope; expectation need not be a wish.
域 yù area; region; domain Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Spatial extent/size is a quantity, not necessarily a region.
允 yǔn consent; agree; acceptance of a proposal; agreement; pact Partial
酸 suān sour Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Vinegar is one substance, and taste is not a complete chemical definition.
演 yǎn perform; enact a role Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Performance does not cover every action, behavior, or being active.
粒 lì atom; atomic Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Chinese cue suggests particles generally, but the Sino-Mini entry selects atoms.
警 jǐng warn; alert Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Attention need not involve a warning or danger.
辎 zī luggage, baggage, gear, personal effects, to lug Partial
湾 wān bay; gulf; cove Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Golf is a source typo, not a sense of the geographical word.
背 bèi back (body + adv), rear side, backward, behind Partial
衡 héng balance; equilibrium Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A balanced distribution and a fair one need not be the same.
鲸 jīng cetacean; whale, dolphin, or porpoise Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are different members of a stated class.
球 qiú ball; sphere Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Rolling is a motion also possible for nonspherical objects.
堵 dǔ barrage, dam, block, impede, obstruct, hinder Partial
基 jī base; foundation Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Floor, ground, and a basis overlap but are not equivalent.
菌 jūn microorganism; microbe Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Bacteria, fungi, and germs have overlapping but different scopes.
浸 jìn immerse; dip Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Baptism is a ritual that need not be identified merely by immersion.
腹 fù belly; abdomen Partial Excluded automatic extensions: The stomach organ is only one part of the abdominal region.
燃 rán fuel Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Fuel is a category; gasoline and benzene cannot both be exact readings of the same bare word.
莓 méi berry; small fleshy fruit in the everyday berry category Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Grapes/olives are specific fruits; an exact botanical category is not established.
怪 guài monster Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Beast can mean an ordinary animal or an imagined threatening creature.
砼 tóng concrete Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Cement, concrete, and paving are not interchangeable.
宝 bǎo jewel, gem, jewelry Partial
喙 huì beak Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A spout is a functional analogy and pecking an action.
券 quàn ticket; token granting a specified claim Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Bill may mean banknote or invoice; a ticket does not encode both.
忙 máng busy; occupied Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Hurrying can occur without being busy, and busy activity need not be fast.
商 shāng commerce; commercial activity Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A firm and negotiation are participants/actions, not synonyms for commerce.
泡 pào bubble Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Boiling and making bubbles are not equivalent processes.
弓 gōng bow weapon Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An architectural arch is a shape analogy; a vault adds structural meaning.
玻 bō glass Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Crystal and transparent material are not identical material categories.
弹 dàn projectile; ammunition Partial Ammunition/projectile only, read dàn. Mechanical spring is 簧; plucking is a described action.
牛 niú bovine animal Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Cow, ox, bison, buffalo refer to different animals or life roles.
酥 sū butter, buttery Partial
证 zhèng evidence Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Evidence, conclusive proof, and testimony have different evidential force.
敢 gǎn dare; be bold; challenge Partial
恶 wù disgust, disgusting, revulsion, sicken Partial
洪 hóng flood Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Being overwhelmed psychologically or numerically need not involve water.
牙 yá tooth Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Biting is a tooth action, but an action frame must say what is affected.
指 zhǐ finger or toe; digit of a hand or foot Partial A deliberately broad hand/foot digit category. 手 指 and 足 指 qualify location without creating dictionary words.
厚 hòu thick Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Bodily fatness and dietary fat differ from thickness.
忘 wàng forget Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Forgetting and forgiving are different acts; the note explicitly says so.
说 shuō say; tell; speak; utter Partial
分 fēn divide; separate; division Partial Division only. Minutes are numerical quantities in the min notation register; no second lexical sense.
痛 tòng suffer, pain, suffering, hurt, painful Partial
奴 nú enslaved person; enslave Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A paid/free servant is not thereby enslaved.
响 xiǎng resound; echo Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Optical reflection and resounding are different processes.
旋 xuán rotate; spiral/twist form Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A propeller is a device, not every spiral or rotating thing.
急 jí urgent; urgency Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An emergency and urging are related but not equivalent.
考 kǎo test; examination Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An interview need not be a test, and an investigation need not be an exam.
精 jīng precise; exact in the relevant dimension Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Methodical does not imply precision.
夜 yè evening, night Partial
闻 wén fame, famous, glory Partial
远 yuǎn far; remote Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Extreme is not always distance.
粉 fěn powder; flour Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Sand need not be powder; grinding is a process rather than a synonym for powder.
豆 dòu pulse; bean, pea, or lentil seed Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Beans, peas, and lentils are subtypes.
喜 xǐ like; pleasure Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Doing someone a favor is not the same as favoring/liking them.
沃 wò fertile Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Fertilizer is an input and productive extends far beyond fertility.
仙 xiān fairy, sprite, pixie Partial
铁 tiě iron; iron-based metal Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Steel is not pure iron.
烧 shāo fever, feverish Partial
丝 sī thread; strand; fiber Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Silk, wire, and dietary roughage introduce particular materials and functions.
信 xìn believe; trust Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Loyalty is conduct/commitment, not necessarily belief.
形 xíng shape; form Partial Shape/form only. A statue or figurine needs a description of the object.
排 pái steak; chop; substantial cut of meat Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Fillet and filleting need not match the same cut or technique.
子 zǐ child; offspring Partial Child/offspring only. Plant seed uses 种.
哲 zhé philosophy, philosophical, philosophize Partial
恐 kǒng fear; dread; horror Partial
叶 yè leaf; thin sheet/page Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Being a sheet does not mean flat, and flat does not mean a leaf.
泉 quán natural water spring Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A fountain or dug well need not be a spring.
挖 wā dig; excavate Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Burying and digging are different acts.
满 mǎn full; filled to a relevant capacity Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Whole can mean complete rather than filled.
烟 yān smoke Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Tobacco, cigarettes, and cigars are products/materials that generate smoke.
熔 róng melt; fuse by melting Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Pouring an already-liquid substance does not imply melting.
库 kù garage Partial
猫 māo cat; feline animal Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Catty as spiteful behavior is an English association, not a cat category.
承 chéng inherit; inheritance Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A gene is a biological unit, not inheritance itself.
琵 pí plucked string instrument Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Guitar and lute are different subtypes of a stated instrument family.
府 fǔ government, govern Partial
意 yì meaning; intended semantic content Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Meaning, intention, and an idea may differ even within one sentence.
令 lìng command; order Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Empire and imperial are not synonymous with commanding.
狱 yù hell, to damn, hellish Partial
投 tóu invest, investment Partial
讽 fěng mock; satirize Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Situational irony need not involve sarcasm or any speaker mocking someone.
袄 ǎo jacket, coat Partial
壶 hú jug; pitcher; serving pot Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Mug and beaker overlap 杯 and lack the same shape/function.
灌 guàn shrub, bush Partial
糊 hú gel, goop, jelly, blob, paste, mush Partial
彬 bīn polite, gentle, gracious, courteous Partial
掷 zhì throw; cast Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Throwing, shooting, and hitting have different event structures.
金 jīn metal; metallic Partial General metal. No automatic exact gold reading. Name or define the specific metal in a precision context.
乐 lè joy; happy Partial Joy/happiness only; the yuè music reading is not adopted. Describe music with pitched sounds and artistic performance.
碳 tàn carbon Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Coal is a material containing carbon, not the element itself.
卡 kǎ card; flat card-like token Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Cardboard is material and charter is a legal document, neither guaranteed by card.
质 zhì property; quality Partial Excluded automatic extensions: English -ness and the verb attribute imply operations not defined by the word.
热 rè heat; hot Partial Heat/hot only. A caloric unit, if needed, is identified explicitly in technical notation.
田 tián field; agricultural land Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Camping and a campsite are activities/places that need not be fields.
桂 guì cinnamon Partial
炮 pào cannon; artillery Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A gun barrel is part of a weapon, not the whole weapon.
方 fāng square, plaza Partial
房 fáng house; building; housing Partial
马 mǎ equine animal Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Horse, donkey, mule are related but distinct.
角 jiǎo angle; corner Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An animal horn is a separate referent.
互 hù cross; intersect; intersection Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An intersection shape and a crucifix used as a religious object should not be automatically equivalent.
蝗 huáng grasshopper, cricket, or locust Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An informal animal grouping is not necessarily a single exact taxon.
山 shān mountain; hill Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Any bump/protrusion greatly broadens the category.
殖 zhí colony, colonial, colonize Partial
柱 zhù column; pillar Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A spine is a particular anatomical structure.
读 dòu clause boundary; pause dividing an utterance Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A clause and a comma are grammatical unit versus writing mark.
逗 dòu comedy, humor, funny Partial
公 gōng community, communal, public Partial
厨 chú kitchen, to cook Partial
盖 gài cover; covering Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Blanket, cloak, and shawl are types of covers/clothes, not exact synonyms.
肘 zhǒu elbow Partial Elbow only; nudging is a specified contact action. No cubit unit meaning.
块 kuài block; lump Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A cube is a geometric subtype, and a brick a construction product.
文 wén culture, cultural Partial
表 biǎo cousin Partial
湖 hú lake; natural inland body of standing water Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Pond overlaps 池.
垃 lā trash, garbage, waste, to throw away Partial
毛 máo animal hair; fur Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Wool is a particular fiber source.
懒 lǎn disinclined to exert effort; lazy Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Inactivity need not be laziness.
宽 kuān wide; width Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Latitude is a geographic coordinate or figurative freedom, not width.
镜 jìng mirror Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A lens and a mirror perform different optical functions.
狮 shī big cat Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Lion, tiger, panther are different members.
释 shì freedom, free, liberate Partial
蜗 wō snail or slug Partial Excluded automatic extensions: All mollusks would include animals outside that everyday grouping.
柠 níng lemon or lime Partial Excluded automatic extensions: All citrus is broader than lemon and lime.
软 ruǎn soft; limp/flaccid material Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Walking with a limp is English homonymy.
舌 shé tongue; language Partial The tongue and, by the retained deliberate metaphor, a language. 小舌 remains the proper name; ordinary phrases follow the grammar. Licking must be described as an action.
脂 zhī fat; grease Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Fattening and frying do not follow from a substance name alone.
字 zì written character; letter Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Literature is a body of work, not a written symbol; spelling is an action over symbols.
长 cháng long; length Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Longitude is a specific coordinate, not general length.
失 shī lose; loss; failure Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Losing possession and failing an event have different argument frames.
幻 huàn magic, magical, conjure Partial
机 jī machine; apparatus; motor; engine Partial
香 xiāng fragrant; aromatic Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A spice is a substance that may be aromatic; it is not fragrance itself.
庸 yōng ordinary; usual Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Statistical average, midpoint, norm, and usual value differ.
瓜 guā melon or gourd fruit Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Melon, pumpkin, gourd are related subtypes.
减 jiǎn lower degree; less/fewer; subtract; minus Partial
谎 huǎng lie; deliberate deception Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A false statement can be a sincere mistake.
单 dān menu Partial
息 xī message, notification, notify Partial
缺 quē lack; absence; missing constituent Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Missing a target, missing a train, and failing to notice are not the same as lacking something.
米 mǐ rice grain Partial Rice grain only. The unit metre is written m in the SI notation register; no second lexical sense.
具 jù furniture Partial
式 shì manner; mode; form Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Emotional mood is not necessarily a mode; fashionable is not every manner.
蚊 wén mosquito Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Mosquito and fly are distinct; not every fly bites.
猴 hóu monkey or ape Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Monkey, gorilla, chimpanzee are distinct animals.
德 dé morality; virtue Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Morale is not morality.
死 sǐ die; death; dead Partial Intransitive die. Causing death uses 做 可 subject 咿 死, with the cause and event explicitly separated.
动 dòng move; motion Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A movie is not motion itself; the note rejects it.
化 huà transform; turn into; change into Partial
呼 hū breathe, breath Partial
星 xīng star; celestial point of light Partial Astronomical star/point of light. A planet requires a description of the kind of celestial body, not this bare word alone. No celebrity/highlight meaning.
窄 zhǎi narrow Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Thin may mean thickness rather than width; a strait is a geographical feature.
膏 gāo thick paste; ointment Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Food cream, ointment, and other pastes are different substances.
预 yù predict, prophecy, prediction, prophetic Partial
近 jìn near; spatial/contextual proximity Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Nearly/almost is an approximation operator, which already has 几.
核 hé nut Partial
淡 dàn mild; bland; low sensory intensity Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Political neutrality, grammatical neuter, impartiality, and boredom are distinct.
局 jú bureau; administrative department Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A situation is not an administrative unit.
葱 cōng onion/scallion category Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Every plant bulb is not an onion.
钟 zhōng hour; clock time Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A duration unit and a clock reading need distinct numerical constructions.
橙 chéng orange fruit Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A one-word English gloss hides orange's fruit/color ambiguity.
阴 yīn shade; shadow Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Hiding is an act and hidden need not mean shaded.
羊 yáng sheep Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Lamb is a life stage, while goat overlaps a separate entry.
恕 shù forgive; pardon Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Forgiving, approving/condoning, and making excuses differ.
蝶 dié butterfly or moth Partial Excluded automatic extensions: These are related kinds of insect.
队 duì parade, march, procession Partial
亲 qīn relative; kin Partial Kin/relative, not uniquely a parent. Specify the genealogical relationship when it matters.
烤 kǎo grill; roast Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A grid or grate is not the act of grilling.
鸭 yā waterfowl; duck, goose, or swan Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Duck, goose, swan are subtypes.
暂 zàn pause, break, interruption Partial
足 zú foot Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Kicking and stomping are different foot actions.
悬 xuán hang; suspended Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Narrative suspense is an independent metaphor.
刷 shuā brush Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Combing and sweeping need not use the same tool or action.
琴 qín piano Partial Excluded automatic extensions: The Chinese instrument family is broader than the selected Sino-Mini meaning.
屁 pì butt Partial
盗 dào pirate Partial
苹 píng apple Partial
民 mín people; population Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Populous and popular are different claims.
运 yùn transport; carry Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Port is a place, cargo a transported thing.
崇 chóng worship; venerate Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Ordinary praise or affectionate adoration need not be worship.
塑 sù plastic material Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Malleability is a property not limited to plastic.
拳 quán fist; punch with a fist Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Knob, hilt, and handgrip are not fists.
点 diǎn point; dot Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Indicating something and being physically sharp do not follow from a point noun.
偶 ǒu doll, puppet Partial
纯 chún pure; unmixed Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Clean is not necessarily pure, and cleansing may mean removing dirt rather than impurities.
射 shè emit/project a ray; ray/beam Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Mathematical radius is not radiation.
架 jià rack; frame; framework; support Partial
臂 bì arm Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A tree branch and every kind of limb are not arms.
随 suí arbitrary; chosen without a specified criterion Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Randomness in probability and arbitrary choice are not identical.
第 dì ordinal position Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Social status is not ordinal position without a stated ranking.
率 lǜ ratio; rate Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A fraction may mean a number representation, an arbitrary part, or a ratio.
答 dá answer; respond Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A physical or chemical reaction is not necessarily a reply.
叛 pàn rebel; rebellion Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Revolution may name a major change without rebellion, and treason is a legal category.
备 bèi ready; prepared Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Available is not the same as prepared.
规 guī rule; regulate Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A measuring ruler is English homonymy with rule.
轨 guǐ rail; track Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A train is a vehicle on tracks, not the track.
桨 jiǎng oar/paddle Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A rudder steers without necessarily propelling.
租 zū rent; lease Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Borrowing need not involve payment.
流 liú flow; current Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Rhythm and influence are not automatically flow.
爬 pá crawl; creep Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Reptiles are a biological class, not anything that crawls.
收 shōu receive Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Acknowledging is an act that may occur without receiving an object.
啮 niè rodent (non-mouse), squirrel, beaver Partial
鼾 hān snore Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Grunting does not imply sleep or snoring.
玫 méi rose flower Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Pink is a color and rose a plant.
谣 yáo gossip, rumor, rumored Partial
旅 lǚ travel; journey Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An adventure can occur without travel and travel need not be adventurous.
故 gù story; narrative Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A narrative need not be fictional.
盐 yán salt; salty Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Not all seasoning is salt.
嗨 hāi greeting Partial Hello/greeting on meeting. Farewell is expressed by an explicit wish or leaving statement; no goodbye sense.
夹 jiā sandwich Partial
救 jiù rescue; save from danger/loss Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Retrieving an object need not rescue it; theological salvation is domain-specific.
野 yě wild; not domesticated Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Uncivilized and savage carry social/evaluative meanings unrelated to biological wildness.
坐 zuò sit Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A seat/chair is an object used for sitting; not every sit event implies a chair.
胞 bāo biological cell Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A prison/small room is English homonymy.
半 bàn half Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Partial and incomplete may be any fraction, not specifically one half.
君 jūn mr., ms., sir, madam, lord, master Partial
句 jù sentence; phrase Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A judicial sentence/verdict is not a linguistic sentence.
交 jiāo sexual activity; copulate Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Gender and sexual activity are different concepts.
昆 kūn sibling, brother, sister Partial
哨 shào whistle Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Hissing, fizzing, and whizzing differ acoustically and by source.
傻 shǎ foolish Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Trivial/unimportant need not mean foolish.
籍 jí citizenship; civic membership Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Citizen, civilian, civil, and civilize collapse several English senses.
然 rán so; thus; such Partial
壤 rǎng soil; earth material Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Clay and mud are subtypes/properties that need not coincide.
独 dú alone; sole Partial Alone in a stated set/context; sole occupant/member when that set has one member. Not a free focus particle meaning only anywhere. Cardinal one is 一.
解 jiě untie; loosen; release a binding Partial Untie/loosen a binding. Resolve an issue through 决 where appropriate; chemical dissolution must be described. No generic solution homonym.
些 xiē some; unspecified amount Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Few asserts a small amount, whereas some need not.
柔 róu soft; yielding Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Smoothness is surface texture, and even may be geometry or distribution.
建 jiàn suggest; propose Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Hinting or insinuating may not propose anything.
脏 zāng dirty; grime Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Institutional corruption is not physical dirt.
总 zǒng total; sum Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Calculate already has 算; score may be a measure other than a sum.
即 jí soon Partial
喃 nán murmur; whisper Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Rustling is a nonvocal noise rather than necessarily quiet speech.
虽 suī although; concessive introducer Partial Concessive relation in the existing 虽 可 clause frame. English however/ nevertheless do not add extra syntax.
税 shuì tax Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A generic fee, bill, and charge need not be taxation.
剧 jù theater, theatrical Partial
羚 líng goat or antelope Partial Excluded automatic extensions: The chosen grouping mixes familiar animals without a clear boundary.
张 zhāng stretch; tension Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Grammatical tense is English homonymy.
医 yī medical; treat; therapy Partial
叔 shū uncle, aunt Partial
锡 xī tin Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A can need not be made of tin.
墨 mò ink Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Tint/hue is a color property, not the substance used for writing.
类 lèi kind; category Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Quality is a property, not a class; typicality is relative to a category.
容 róng contain; accommodate physically Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Tolerating behavior and physically containing matter are distinct frames.
帽 mào hat; cap/headwear Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A mountain summit is not headwear.
咳 ké cough Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An animal barking is not coughing.
暴 bào storm, stormy, typhoon, hurricane Partial
永 yǒng always; throughout the stated time interval Partial Throughout the stated interval. 永 不 is ordinary interval-wide negation; it does not add a lexical never word or existential ever reading.
瘤 liú tumor Partial Excluded automatic extensions: An arbitrary swelling/bulge does not identify a tumor.
钝 dùn blunt; not sharp Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Dumb can mean unable to speak or unintelligent; neither follows from bluntness.
仁 rén kind; humane Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Solidarity is collective alignment/support, not necessarily kindness.
虾 xiā shrimp or lobster Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Crab is also a crustacean but has 蟹.
钩 gōu hook Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Mitre has several English senses, none supplied just by hook.
谦 qiān modest; humble Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Shame does not entail humility.
健 jiàn sport, athletic, physical exercise Partial
爪 zhǎo claw; hard pointed nail of an animal Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Related keratinous body parts have different forms.
宇 yǔ universe; cosmos Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Universal may mean applicable to all, rather than cosmic.
空 kōng empty; unoccupied Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Outer space and vacuum are related but not equivalent; vacuous can be evaluative.
殊 shū vary; variation Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Statistical variance is a specific mathematical quantity, not any variation.
哪 nǎ where Partial
醒 xǐng awake; awaken Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Awareness of a fact is not necessarily wakefulness.
曷 hé when Partial
窗 chuāng window Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Mirror and screen were already assigned separate words, but remain in this gloss.
候 hòu weather, climate Partial
录 lù video Partial
翼 yì wing Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Hat brim and arbitrary vanes are shape/function extensions.
弦 xián bowed string instrument Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Violin and viola are specific bowed instruments; all string instruments is broader.
豸 zhì worm Partial
使 shǐ messenger; envoy Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Send duplicates 送 and actor/event direction is unclear.
品 pǐn product; article/item Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Kind and grade import independent classifier/evaluation senses.
楼 lóu multi-storey building Partial Excluded automatic extensions: A storey is a part rather than the building.
消 xiāo dissipate; diminish Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Eliminating something and consuming it are different processes beyond generic decrease.
理 lǐ principle; rationale Partial Excluded automatic extensions: Order may mean sequence, command, or systematic organization.
院 yuàn institutional establishment Partial An institutional establishment; courtyard uses 庭. 医 院 is simply a medical establishment, not a guaranteed hospital type.
音 yīn musical tone; pitched sound Partial Pitched or musical sound. General sound/voice uses 声. 音 艺 is art involving such sounds; it has no special dictionary meaning.
们 men explicit plurality of a personal pronoun Partial Follows 我, 你, or 其 to make plurality explicit: 我 们, 你 们, 其 们. An ordinary grammatical sequence, not three additional words in the vocabulary.
最 zuì extreme-degree selector Partial
明 míng bright; clear to sight Partial Bright/visually clear only. The succeeding day is 继 日; tomorrow when anchored to today. No future helper.
赚 zhuàn earn; earnings Partial Earn/earnings. Both objectful and objectless uses concern earning, not automatic net profit. Net profit must state income minus costs.
权 quán institutional authority; entitlement under an institution or rule Partial State the institution and authorized action. Authority and entitlement remain a deliberately related institutional family, not practical ability or physical force.
优 yōu excellent relative to a stated or contextual criterion Partial Criterion-relative excellence, not inherent moral goodness. Comparative forms still require 更/减/同 and a standard where stated.
资 zī funds; capital; material means Partial Material or financial means only. General resources may be described broadly as 用 物, or by naming the actual time, abilities, goods, or other means.

Vocabulary revision 8

984 words · no compound dictionary entries · Reference 1.6.1.

All 256 proposals in the semantic review are adopted with definite scopes. The single-character word policy supersedes suggestions to keep bound-only characters, opaque loans, special compound readings, or lexicalized technical phrases. Eight basic words are added and nine retired; the word count falls by one. The former 82 multi-character entries are removed from the dictionary. Their migration guide identifies ordinary constructions, descriptions, and precision gaps.

A word has one coherent semantic core. Ordinary nominal/action uses and declared grammatical functions remain where explicitly specified. A Chinese source gloss is not an additional Sino-Mini meaning. Culturally related pairs such as 月 moon/month remain deliberate choices. Broad categories such as 鸭 waterfowl are declared categories, not a claim that every subtype is interchangeable.

Phrases are composed by grammar. Familiarity does not make a phrase a new word. A local technical definition must state its scope; it does not alter the language’s dictionary. Unit symbols belong to explicit notation, not secondary senses of 米, 分, or 升. Proper names keep their own spelling.

The original 998 Mini source keys are preserved in 1,043 mappings with verbatim glosses and explicit coverage notes. Preservation of a source record does not promise an exact translation of every original sense. The full Moloch draft remains historical and unpublished. The short website readings are revised separately.

Added words

Word Adopted meaning Boundary
待 wait; remain pending an event Await an event without asserting hope, belief, or eventual occurrence. Frame: 啊 awaited thing/event, or 可 explicitly specified awaited event.
借 borrow; obtain for temporary use Borrower is the subject; 啊 item, with 从 source. Return is intended, not guaranteed. No lending-direction sense; payment is not asserted.
沙 sand Granular sand material, distinct from generic powder 粉.
硬 hard; resistant to indentation or deformation Physical hardness, not difficulty 难 or metaphorical cruelty.
平 flat; level in the specified geometric frame Flatness/levelness only. Does not mean peace, equality, or every sense of smooth.
嗅 smell; perceive through the nose Olfactory perception, pleasant or unpleasant; taste is 味 and fragrance 香. Frame: 啊 perceived thing.
倒 pour; transfer a liquid by tipping Pouring does not entail melting 熔. 啊 liquid; destination uses 往 before the object.
埋 bury; cover by placing under material Burial is distinct from excavating 挖. 啊 buried object; location/material must be specified where relevant.

Retired words

Word Replacement approach
吉 Ordinary billion is 十 亿; SI prefixes use explicit numeric multipliers.
性 Properties use 质; states can be named with the active participle 在 诶.
辇 Land vehicles use 车 with size, power, load, or passenger qualifiers.
沥 Dripping uses 滴; filtering 滤; draining is a described flow/transfer.
绵 Fibers use 丝; cotton 棉. Describe a sponge by its structure and use.
行 Walking uses 步; direction 往; rows 列; commerce 商. No compound-only character survives.
辑 Collection uses 集; editing is revision of a named text.
青 Colors use 蓝/绿; darkness 黑; youth 幼. Asphalt is described by its material and use.
逻 No phonetic compound component. State rules of inference or the intended logical relation.

Complete adoption record

This includes every flagged review item plus consequential grammar, reading, and retirement changes. Removal of all former compound entries is detailed in phrase examples.

Word or former expression Action Previous meaning Adopted meaning Decision
这 Adopted scope this, here this Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
和 Adopted scope and; with; harmony; peace and; coordination Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
但 Adopted scope but, except but; contrast Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
同 Adopted scope same; equal; equality; similar same; equal Exact sameness/equality in the relevant comparison. Loose resemblance uses 像.
兽 Adopted scope animal animal Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
前 Adopted scope before; front; forehead; forward before; in front; forward Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
味 Adopted scope smell, taste taste; flavor Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
打 Adopted scope beat, fight, battle strike; hitting Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
难 Adopted scope hard, difficult, problem difficult; difficulty Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
电 Adopted scope electric; electricity; flash; lightning; bolt electricity; electric Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
家 Adopted scope home; domestic; reside; domesticate; family; relative home; household Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
火 Adopted scope fire, hot, burn fire; burning by fire Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
像 Adopted scope image; appearance; resemble; look like; seem like resemble; representation Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
法 Adopted scope law, rule, instruction law; rule Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
能 Adopted scope ability; be able; energy ability; be able Ability/capacity to perform an action. Physical energy needs an explicitly stated measurable capacity, system, and units; 能 量 has no fixed energy definition.
升 Adopted scope level; elevate; rise; liter (SI) rise; elevate Rise/elevate only. Litre uses L in the unit notation register.
奇 Adopted scope rare, weird, strange strange; unusual in character Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
声 Adopted scope sound; voice; call; call out; summon sound; voice Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
虐 Adopted scope abuse, violate, rape, assault, abusive abuse; mistreat Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
助 Adopted scope aid; care; concern; help; care for; support; backing; advocacy; backup; bolster help; assistance Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
溺 Adopted scope drown, submerge, a drowning drown Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
鹰 Adopted scope eagle, hawk, a bird of prey bird of prey Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
龄 Adopted scope age, to age, eon, aged age; duration since origin Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
斧 Adopted scope ax, hatchet, machete, to chop axe; hatchet Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
账 Adopted scope account, ledger, report, to recount financial account; ledger Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
杏 Adopted scope almond, tonsil, amygdala almond Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
还 Adopted scope yet, even, still still; continuing to a reference point Still; continuing to the reference point. 还 不 is not yet. No unrestricted scalar/additive even.
古 Adopted scope old, to age, antique, ancient ancient; old from a remote period Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
蜂 Adopted scope bee, hornet, wasp bee or wasp Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
望 Adopted scope hope, wait for, expectation, wish hope; hopeful expectation Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
域 Adopted scope area, region, zone, domain, extent, size area; region; domain Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
酸 Adopted scope acid, sour, acidic, vinegar sour Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
演 Adopted scope act, performance, behavior, active perform; enact a role Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
粒 Adopted scope atom, atomic atom; atomic Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
警 Adopted scope attention, warn, caution, warning, alert, notification warn; alert Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
湾 Adopted scope bay, golf, cove bay; gulf; cove Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
衡 Adopted scope balance, equilibrium, a scale, balanced, fair balance; equilibrium Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
鲸 Adopted scope whale, dolphin, porpoise, cetacean cetacean; whale, dolphin, or porpoise Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
球 Adopted scope ball, a spherical object, roll ball; sphere Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
基 Adopted scope base, foundation, ground, floor, basis, fundamental base; foundation Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
菌 Adopted scope bacteria, bacillus, germ, microbe microorganism; microbe Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
浸 Adopted scope dip, dunk, immerse, baptise, baptism immerse; dip Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
腹 Adopted scope stomach, belly, abdomen belly; abdomen Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
燃 Adopted scope fuel, gasoline, benzene fuel Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
莓 Adopted scope berry, grape, olive berry; small fleshy fruit in the everyday berry category Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
怪 Adopted scope monster, beast, beastly monster Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
砼 Adopted scope cement, concrete, pave concrete Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
喙 Adopted scope beak, to peck, spout beak Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
券 Adopted scope ticket, a pass, bill, banknote ticket; token granting a specified claim Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
忙 Adopted scope hurry, rush, haste, busy busy; occupied Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
商 Adopted scope business, company, negotiate, conduct business commerce; commercial activity Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
泡 Adopted scope bubble, boil bubble Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
弓 Adopted scope arch, vault, bow (weapon) bow weapon Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
玻 Adopted scope glass, crystal, a transparent material glass Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
弹 Adopted scope projectile; bullet; bomb; pluck; spring projectile; ammunition Ammunition/projectile only, read dàn. Mechanical spring is 簧; plucking is a described action.
牛 Adopted scope cow, bovine, steer, ox, bison, buffalo bovine animal Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
证 Adopted scope evidence, proof, demonstration, testimony evidence Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
洪 Adopted scope flood, torrent, inundate, overwhelm, overwhelming flood Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
牙 Adopted scope tooth, bite tooth Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
指 Adopted scope finger, toe, digit finger or toe; digit of a hand or foot A deliberately broad hand/foot digit category. 手 指 and 足 指 qualify location without creating dictionary words.
厚 Adopted scope fat, thick thick Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
忘 Adopted scope forget, forgive forget Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
分 Adopted scope divide; split; division; separate; minute (time) divide; separate; division Division only. Minutes are numerical quantities in the min notation register; no second lexical sense.
奴 Adopted scope slave, servant, serf, enslave enslaved person; enslave Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
响 Adopted scope echo, reflection resound; echo Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
旋 Adopted scope helix, curl, twist, curly, spiral, coil, propeller rotate; spiral/twist form Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
急 Adopted scope emergency, urgent, to urge, press for urgent; urgency Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
考 Adopted scope exam, test, interview, examination, investigation test; examination Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
精 Adopted scope exact, precise, precision, exactly, methodical precise; exact in the relevant dimension Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
远 Adopted scope far, distance, remote, extreme far; remote Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
粉 Adopted scope flour, dust, a granulated substance, sand, grind powder; flour Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
豆 Adopted scope bean, legume, pea, lentil pulse; bean, pea, or lentil seed Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
喜 Adopted scope favor, like, favorite, please like; pleasure Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
沃 Adopted scope fertile, fecund, fertilizer, productive fertile Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
铁 Adopted scope iron, steel iron; iron-based metal Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
丝 Adopted scope fiber; string; thread; wire; ply; roughage; strand; silk thread; strand; fiber Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
信 Adopted scope faith; trust; loyal; believe; belief; creed believe; trust Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
形 Adopted scope figure, form, shape, structure, statue, figurine shape; form Shape/form only. A statue or figurine needs a description of the object.
排 Adopted scope steak, fillet, to fillet steak; chop; substantial cut of meat Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
子 Adopted scope child; offspring; seed child; offspring Child/offspring only. Plant seed uses 种.
叶 Adopted scope sheet, leaf, flat, flatten leaf; thin sheet/page Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
泉 Adopted scope fountain, spring, well natural water spring Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
挖 Adopted scope dig, bury dig; excavate Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
满 Adopted scope full, to fill, whole full; filled to a relevant capacity Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
烟 Adopted scope smoke; tobacco; cigar; cigarette smoke Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
熔 Adopted scope pour, fuse, melt, fusion melt; fuse by melting Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
猫 Adopted scope cat, feline, catty cat; feline animal Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
承 Adopted scope inherit, inheritance, genetic, gene inherit; inheritance Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
吉 Retired word giga- (SI prefix); auspicious Ordinary billion is 十 亿; SI prefixes use explicit numeric multipliers.
琵 Adopted scope guitar, lute, a strummed instrument plucked string instrument Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
意 Adopted scope idea; thought; intention; meaning; sense meaning; intended semantic content Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
令 Adopted scope command, imperative, rule, empire, imperial command; order Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
讽 Adopted scope irony, ironic, sarcasm mock; satirize Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
壶 Adopted scope jar, pitcher, jug, carafe, mug, beaker jug; pitcher; serving pot Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
掷 Adopted scope throw, shot, shoot, hit throw; cast Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
金 Adopted scope gold; golden; metal; metallic metal; metallic General metal. No automatic exact gold reading. Name or define the specific metal in a precision context.
乐 Adopted scope joy; happy; music joy; happy Joy/happiness only; the yuè music reading is not adopted. Describe music with pitched sounds and artistic performance.
碳 Adopted scope carbon, coal carbon Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
卡 Adopted scope card, placard, cardboard, charter card; flat card-like token Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
质 Adopted scope quality, property, to attribute, feature, trait, -ness property; quality Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
热 Adopted scope heat, hot, calorie heat; hot Heat/hot only. A caloric unit, if needed, is identified explicitly in technical notation.
田 Adopted scope field, camp, to camp, countryside, meadow, rural field; agricultural land Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
炮 Adopted scope cannon, artillery, gun barrel cannon; artillery Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
马 Adopted scope horse, donkey, mule equine animal Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
角 Adopted scope horn; angle; corner angle; corner Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
互 Adopted scope cross, intersect, intersection, crucifix cross; intersect; intersection Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
蝗 Adopted scope cricket, grasshopper, locust grasshopper, cricket, or locust Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
山 Adopted scope mountain; hill; bump; protrusion; protrude; bumpy mountain; hill Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
柱 Adopted scope column, pillar, pole, spine column; pillar Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
读 Adopted scope clause, comma clause boundary; pause dividing an utterance Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
盖 Adopted scope cover, covering, conceal, blanket, cloak, shawl cover; covering Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
肘 Adopted scope elbow, nudge, cubit elbow Elbow only; nudging is a specified contact action. No cubit unit meaning.
块 Adopted scope brick, cube, block block; lump Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
湖 Adopted scope lake, loch, pond lake; natural inland body of standing water Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
毛 Adopted scope hair; fur; wool; hairy animal hair; fur Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
懒 Adopted scope lazy, indolence, inactivity disinclined to exert effort; lazy Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
宽 Adopted scope wide, broad, width, latitude wide; width Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
镜 Adopted scope mirror; lens; optical glass mirror Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
狮 Adopted scope lion, tiger, panther, a big cat big cat Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
蜗 Adopted scope snail, slug, a mollusk snail or slug Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
柠 Adopted scope lemon, lime, citrus lemon or lime Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
软 Adopted scope limp, flaccid, floppy, to limp, lax soft; limp/flaccid material Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
舌 Adopted scope tongue, lick, language tongue; language The tongue and, by the retained deliberate metaphor, a language. 小舌 remains the proper name; ordinary phrases follow the grammar. Licking must be described as an action.
脂 Adopted scope fat, fatty, grease, fatten, to fry fat; grease Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
字 Adopted scope letter, literature, character, to spell, literary written character; letter Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
长 Adopted scope long, length, longitude long; length Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
失 Adopted scope lose, loss, failure, fail lose; loss; failure Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
香 Adopted scope fragrant; aromatic; spice fragrant; aromatic Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
庸 Adopted scope average, medium, normal, usual, standard, norm ordinary; usual Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
瓜 Adopted scope melon, gourd, pumpkin melon or gourd fruit Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
谎 Adopted scope lie, false, deceive, deception lie; deliberate deception Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
缺 Adopted scope miss, absent, lack, fail to reach/hit/notice lack; absence; missing constituent Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
米 Adopted scope uncooked rice grain; metre rice grain Rice grain only. The unit metre is written m in the SI notation register; no second lexical sense.
式 Adopted scope mode, way, fashion, mood manner; mode; form Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
蚊 Adopted scope fly, gnat, mosquito mosquito Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
猴 Adopted scope monkey, gorilla, chimpanzee monkey or ape Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
德 Adopted scope moral, morality, moralize, morale, virtue morality; virtue Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
死 Adopted scope death, die, dead, kill die; death; dead Intransitive die. Causing death uses 做 可 subject 咿 死, with the cause and event explicitly separated.
动 Adopted scope move, movement, motion, movie move; motion Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
星 Adopted scope star; highlight; celebrity; planet; planetary star; celestial point of light Astronomical star/point of light. A planet requires a description of the kind of celestial body, not this bare word alone. No celebrity/highlight meaning.
窄 Adopted scope narrow, thin, strait narrow Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
膏 Adopted scope cream, creamy thick paste; ointment Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
近 Adopted scope near, neighborhood, close by, approach, nearly near; spatial/contextual proximity Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
性 Retired word abstract, abstraction, -ness, -ity Properties use 质; states can be named with the active participle 在 诶.
淡 Adopted scope neutral, bland, neuter, boring, impartial mild; bland; low sensory intensity Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
局 Adopted scope bureau; office; department; situation bureau; administrative department Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
葱 Adopted scope onion, bulb onion/scallion category Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
钟 Adopted scope hour, o'clock, clock time hour; clock time Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
橙 Adopted scope orange orange fruit Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
阴 Adopted scope shadow, shade, obscure, hide, hidden shade; shadow Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
羊 Adopted scope lamb, sheep sheep Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
恕 Adopted scope pardon, forgive, condone, an excuse forgive; pardon Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
蝶 Adopted scope butterfly, moth butterfly or moth Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
亲 Adopted scope parent; relative; close kin relative; kin Kin/relative, not uniquely a parent. Specify the genealogical relationship when it matters.
烤 Adopted scope grill, grid, grate, broiler, gridiron grill; roast Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
鸭 Adopted scope duck, goose, swan, waterfowl waterfowl; duck, goose, or swan Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
足 Adopted scope foot, by foot, kick, stomp foot Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
悬 Adopted scope hang, hanging, suspension, suspense hang; suspended Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
刷 Adopted scope brush, comb, sweep brush Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
琴 Adopted scope piano piano Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
民 Adopted scope people, population, populate, populous, popular people; population Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
运 Adopted scope carry, transport, transfer, port, cargo transport; carry Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
崇 Adopted scope worship, praise, adore, adoration worship; venerate Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
塑 Adopted scope plastic, plastics, malleable plastic material Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
拳 Adopted scope fist, punch, knob, hilt, handgrip fist; punch with a fist Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
点 Adopted scope point, dot, spot, indicate, pointy, sharp point; dot Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
纯 Adopted scope pure, clean, cleanse pure; unmixed Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
射 Adopted scope ray, beam, radiate, bolt, radius emit/project a ray; ray/beam Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
臂 Adopted scope arm, limb, branch arm Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
随 Adopted scope random, arbitrary, caprice arbitrary; chosen without a specified criterion Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
第 Adopted scope rank, status, ordering, -th (ordinal) ordinal position Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
率 Adopted scope ratio, rate, proportion, fraction ratio; rate Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
答 Adopted scope answer, response, reaction answer; respond Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
叛 Adopted scope rebel, rebellion, revolution, treason, rebellious rebel; rebellion Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
备 Adopted scope ready, available, prepare, preparation ready; prepared Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
规 Adopted scope regulate, regulation, control, ruler (tool), a rule rule; regulate Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
轨 Adopted scope rail, train, bar rail; track Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
桨 Adopted scope oar, rudder, to row oar/paddle Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
租 Adopted scope rent, borrow rent; lease Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
流 Adopted scope flow, current, rhythm, influence flow; current Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
爬 Adopted scope reptile, crawl, creep crawl; creep Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
收 Adopted scope receive, get, receipt, acknowledge, reception receive Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
鼾 Adopted scope snore, grunt snore Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
玫 Adopted scope pink, rose rose flower Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
旅 Adopted scope journey, voyage, trip, travel, adventure, adventurous travel; journey Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
故 Adopted scope story, narrate, fictional story; narrative Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
盐 Adopted scope salt, salty, seasoning salt; salty Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
嗨 Adopted scope hello, goodbye, greet, greeting greeting Hello/greeting on meeting. Farewell is expressed by an explicit wish or leaving statement; no goodbye sense.
救 Adopted scope save, rescue, salvation, salvage, retrieve rescue; save from danger/loss Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
野 Adopted scope wild, savage, feral, uncivilized, wilderness wild; not domesticated Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
坐 Adopted scope sit, seat, chair sit Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
胞 Adopted scope cell (biology + room) biological cell Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
半 Adopted scope half, partial, incompletely half Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
句 Adopted scope sentence, phrase, proposition, verdict sentence; phrase Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
交 Adopted scope sex, sexy, copulate, gender sexual activity; copulate Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
哨 Adopted scope whistle, hiss, fizzle, whiz, zip whistle Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
傻 Adopted scope silly, foolish, trivial, triviality foolish Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
籍 Adopted scope citizen, civilian, civil, civilize citizenship; civic membership Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
壤 Adopted scope soil, dirt, clay, mud soil; earth material Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
独 Adopted scope single, alone, only alone; sole Alone in a stated set/context; sole occupant/member when that set has one member. Not a free focus particle meaning only anywhere. Cardinal one is 一.
解 Adopted scope solve, solution, loose, untie, dissolve untie; loosen; release a binding Untie/loosen a binding. Resolve an issue through 决 where appropriate; chemical dissolution must be described. No generic solution homonym.
些 Adopted scope some, few, an indefinite amount, somewhat some; unspecified amount Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
柔 Adopted scope smooth, soft, sleek, even soft; yielding Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
建 Adopted scope suggest, suggestion, hint, insinuation suggest; propose Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
脏 Adopted scope dirty, grime, filth, to taint, corruption dirty; grime Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
总 Adopted scope sum, total, calculate, score total; sum Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
喃 Adopted scope whisper, rustle, murmur murmur; whisper Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
虽 Adopted scope although, though, nevertheless, in spite of, however although; concessive introducer Concessive relation in the existing 虽 可 clause frame. English however/ nevertheless do not add extra syntax.
税 Adopted scope charge, bill, tax tax Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
羚 Adopted scope goat, antelope, ibex, a caprine goat or antelope Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
张 Adopted scope tense (action + state + grammar), stretch, strained stretch; tension Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
锡 Adopted scope tin, can tin Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
墨 Adopted scope tint, ink, hue ink Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
类 Adopted scope type, quality, kind, typical kind; category Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
容 Adopted scope contain; accommodate; tolerate contain; accommodate physically Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
帽 Adopted scope cap, hat, top, summit hat; cap/headwear Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
咳 Adopted scope cough, bark cough Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
永 Adopted scope always, forever, ever always; throughout the stated time interval Throughout the stated interval. 永 不 is ordinary interval-wide negation; it does not add a lexical never word or existential ever reading.
瘤 Adopted scope tumor, swell, swelling, bulge tumor Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
钝 Adopted scope dull, blunt, obtuse, dumb blunt; not sharp Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
仁 Adopted scope kind, humane, humaneness, solidarity kind; humane Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
虾 Adopted scope shrimp, lobster, a crustacean shrimp or lobster Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
钩 Adopted scope hook, hanger, crook (shepherd), mitre hook Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
谦 Adopted scope humble, modest, humility, shame modest; humble Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
爪 Adopted scope nail, hoof, claw claw; hard pointed nail of an animal Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
宇 Adopted scope universe, universal universe; cosmos Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
辇 Retired word wagon, van, cart, bus, truck Land vehicles use 车 with size, power, load, or passenger qualifiers.
空 Adopted scope empty, vacuum, outer space, vacuous empty; unoccupied Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
殊 Adopted scope vary, variety, various, variation, variance vary; variation Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
醒 Adopted scope awake, wake, aware awake; awaken Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
窗 Adopted scope window, mirror, screen window Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
翼 Adopted scope wing, brim, vane wing Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
弦 Adopted scope viola, violin, a string instrument bowed string instrument Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
使 Adopted scope messenger; envoy; send messenger; envoy Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
品 Adopted scope article; product; goods; kind; grade product; article/item Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
楼 Adopted scope multi-storey building; storey multi-storey building Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
沥 Retired word drain; drip; filter Dripping uses 滴; filtering 滤; draining is a described flow/transfer.
消 Adopted scope dissipate; eliminate; consume dissipate; diminish Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
理 Adopted scope principle; rationale; reason; order principle; rationale Selected this core. Removed senses require a separate word, a literal description, or a locally defined technical referent; they are not synonyms.
绵 Retired word silk floss; soft or continuous fibrous material Fibers use 丝; cotton 棉. Describe a sponge by its structure and use.
行 Retired word go; walk; conduct; line; trade or business establishment Walking uses 步; direction 往; rows 列; commerce 商. No compound-only character survives.
辑 Retired word compile; edit; collect Collection uses 集; editing is revision of a named text.
院 Adopted scope institution; courtyard; enclosed establishment institutional establishment An institutional establishment; courtyard uses 庭. 医 院 is simply a medical establishment, not a guaranteed hospital type.
青 Retired word blue-green; dark; youthful Colors use 蓝/绿; darkness 黑; youth 幼. Asphalt is described by its material and use.
音 Adopted scope sound; tone musical tone; pitched sound Pitched or musical sound. General sound/voice uses 声. 音 艺 is art involving such sounds; it has no special dictionary meaning.
明 Adopted scope next; bright; clear bright; clear to sight Bright/visually clear only. The succeeding day is 继 日; tomorrow when anchored to today. No future helper.
赚 Adopted scope earn; make a profit; earnings; profit earn; earnings Earn/earnings. Both objectful and objectless uses concern earning, not automatic net profit. Net profit must state income minus costs.
权 Adopted scope authority; institutional power; right; entitlement institutional authority; entitlement under an institution or rule State the institution and authorized action. Authority and entitlement remain a deliberately related institutional family, not practical ability or physical force.
沥青 Removed compound entry asphalt; bitumen; pitch No multi-word dictionary entries. See phrase migration for literal descriptions and precision limits.
消化 Removed compound entry digest; assimilate; process information No multi-word dictionary entries. See phrase migration for literal descriptions and precision limits.
自然 Removed compound entry nature; natural; naturally No multi-word dictionary entries. See phrase migration for literal descriptions and precision limits.
正式 Removed compound entry formal; official No multi-word dictionary entries. See phrase migration for literal descriptions and precision limits.
海绵 Removed compound entry sponge; synthetic sponge; foam rubber No multi-word dictionary entries. See phrase migration for literal descriptions and precision limits.
香草 Removed compound entry vanilla flavor; aromatic herb No multi-word dictionary entries. See phrase migration for literal descriptions and precision limits.
香子兰 Removed compound entry vanilla plant; Vanilla planifolia No multi-word dictionary entries. See phrase migration for literal descriptions and precision limits.
效用 Removed compound entry utility; usefulness No multi-word dictionary entries. See phrase migration for literal descriptions and precision limits.
待 Added word wait; remain pending an event Await an event without asserting hope, belief, or eventual occurrence. Frame: 啊 awaited thing/event, or 可 explicitly specified awaited event.
借 Added word borrow; obtain for temporary use Borrower is the subject; 啊 item, with 从 source. Return is intended, not guaranteed. No lending-direction sense; payment is not asserted.
沙 Added word sand Granular sand material, distinct from generic powder 粉.
硬 Added word hard; resistant to indentation or deformation Physical hardness, not difficulty 难 or metaphorical cruelty.
平 Added word flat; level in the specified geometric frame Flatness/levelness only. Does not mean peace, equality, or every sense of smooth.
嗅 Added word smell; perceive through the nose Olfactory perception, pleasant or unpleasant; taste is 味 and fragrance 香. Frame: 啊 perceived thing.
倒 Added word pour; transfer a liquid by tipping Pouring does not entail melting 熔. 啊 liquid; destination uses 往 before the object.
埋 Added word bury; cover by placing under material Burial is distinct from excavating 挖. 啊 buried object; location/material must be specified where relevant.
啊 Clarified scope or grammar noun object; identity/category; subjectless existence noun object; identity/category; subjectless existence Introduces a noun object or identity/category complement. Subjectless 啊 noun asserts existence; 不 啊 noun denies it.
诶 Clarified scope or grammar quality/state predicate; licensed descriptive result; ambient quality quality/state predicate; licensed descriptive result; ambient quality Introduces a quality/state predicate or licensed result description. Initial 诶 quality states an ambient condition.
咿 Clarified scope or grammar verbal predicate marker verbal predicate marker Introduces the verbal predicate. Initial 咿 without a subject marks a command. Sound-based yī.
的 Clarified scope or grammar phrase grouping; manner separation phrase grouping; manner separation Separates grouped modifiers, or a verb from its manner. A B 的 C groups [A B] as modifier of C. Not required for possession.
可 Clarified scope or grammar question word; post-head finite-clause modifier introducer question word; post-head finite-clause modifier introducer Interrogative, or post-head clause introducer under the positional rules. No closing word.
从 Clarified scope or grammar from; source; component of 从咿 from; source relation Source/from. In 从 咿, forms a passive participle whose head supplies the first direct-object role. This is a grammatical construction, not a separate word.
在 Clarified scope or grammar at; in; location; progressive aspect; nominalizer component location relation; progressive operator; active-participle introducer After a head: location. Before an action in a verbal predicate: progressive. Before 咿/诶/啊 in noun position: active-participle construction.
嗯 Clarified scope or grammar yes; affirmative response yes; affirmative response Affirmative interjection, ǹg. Not a structural particle.
不 Clarified scope or grammar no, not no, not Sole grammatical negator and short no response.
多 Clarified scope or grammar many; much; a lot many; much; a lot Many/much; genuine very is 很.
许 Clarified scope or grammar maybe, possibility maybe, possibility Perhaps/possibility.
过 Clarified scope or grammar pass; cross; prior-experience aspect pass; cross; prior-experience operator Lexical guò means pass/cross; neutral guo before an action marks prior experience. This positional grammatical contrast is retained.
感 Clarified scope or grammar sense, feel, touch, feeling sense, feel, touch, feeling Experienced quality after 诶. Touch as physical contact must be stated, not inferred from any feeling.
逻 Retired word phonetic component in 逻辑 No phonetic compound component. State rules of inference or the intended logical relation.
了 Clarified scope or grammar perfective aspect perfective aspect Preverbal perfective operator; does not itself assert completion or past time.
们 Clarified scope or grammar explicit pronoun plural explicit plurality of a personal pronoun Follows 我, 你, or 其 to make plurality explicit: 我 们, 你 们, 其 们. An ordinary grammatical sequence, not three additional pronouns in the lexicon.
昨 Clarified scope or grammar yesterday yesterday Yesterday. Use the word alone; no fixed yesterday compound is necessary.
优 Clarified scope or grammar superior; excellent relative to a criterion excellent relative to a stated or contextual criterion Criterion-relative excellence, not inherent moral goodness. Comparative forms still require 更/减/同 and a standard where stated.
资 Clarified scope or grammar means; funds; capital funds; capital; material means Material or financial means only. General resources may be described broadly as 用 物, or by naming the actual time, abilities, goods, or other means.

Current design decisions

Edition. Sino-Mini (小舌) · Reference 1.6.2 · vocabulary revision 8 · 984 single-character words.

Word inventory. 984 single-character words; no compound dictionary entries or special whole-phrase meanings/readings.

Word meanings. The adopted Sino-Mini definition determines scope. Chinese glosses and original Mini glosses are source evidence, not additional licensed senses.

Phrase examples. The former Compounds tab is now a migration guide to ordinary expressions. A broad description is not an exact substitute for its former English gloss.

Grammar constructions. 在 + 咿/诶/啊 forms active participles; 从 + 咿 forms passive participles. Their grammatical behavior is unchanged.

Writing and names. Each word has one character. Spacing is a presentation choice. Proper names such as 小舌 retain their spelling.

Semantic changes. All 256 proposals in the semantic-review table are resolved, subject to the user’s single-character word policy. See Changes for scope decisions and Phrase examples for all 82 removals.

Added words. 待 wait; 借 borrow; 沙 sand; 硬 physically hard; 平 flat/level; 嗅 smell through the nose; 倒 pour; 埋 bury.

Retired words. 青 沥 行 吉 逻 辑 绵 性 辇. Their source mappings remain historical; descriptions or other words cover selected uses.

Source coverage. All 998 original Mini source keys and verbatim glosses are preserved in 1,043 mapping records. This is an index of selected senses and gaps, not a claim of exact semantic equivalence.

Units. Use explicitly labeled technical notation such as m, L, min, s, J. 米 means rice; 分 division; 升 rise. Unit identifiers are not Sino-Mini words.

Readings. Each word has one listed reading, except the documented neutral experiential reading of 过. 乐 is lè (joy); 弹 is dàn (ammunition).

Core predicates. 咿 introduces verbs; 诶 quality predicates; 啊 objects and category complements. These are the three structural particles.

Aspect and interjections. 了 perfective, 过 experiential, and 在 progressive are verbal operators. 嗯 is an affirmative interjection.

Word order. SVO. Any opening topic, including a prepositional phrase, time expression, or adverb, ends with a comma before the subject. Inside the clause, introduced modifiers precede direct objects; verb stacks follow the same ordering.

Clauses. 可 introduces post-head clauses without a closing particle. The return-boundary rule resolves continuation of an outer clause.

Existence and negation. Subjectless 啊 noun asserts existence; 不 啊 noun denies it. 不 remains the single negator.

Comparisons. 更/减/同 + quality, followed by 比 + standard when stated. 最 更 and 最 减 mark extremes. 同 means exact equality, not resemblance.

Purpose and results. 为 introduces purpose; 做 supplies explicit causation/result constructions. Neither inherits a hidden compound-specific verb frame.

Uncertainty. Technical identity, botanical species, political institutions, and other precise meanings may require explanation. No opaque loan is silently adopted as a phrase.

Chinese reference. CC-CEDICT / MDBG, https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cc-cedict . Dictionary meanings are documentary, not normative Sino-Mini definitions.

Mini source. S. C. Gruget, https://minilanguage.com/name-seri.txt ; retained snapshot 7 September 2026.

License. Language materials and dictionary adaptations: CC BY-SA 4.0. Reading sources are credited separately.

History. Older version directories and the full Moloch draft are historical. The complete essay draft remains unpublished; only the two short reading samples are revised to this edition.

Full reference · Vocabulary adoption

Sources & downloads

The source ledger preserves all 998 original Mini keys and their original definitions. It records selected senses and precision gaps; it does not claim exact translation coverage for every original meaning.

Mappings and dictionary adaptations are licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Sino-Mini is an editorial adaptation, not an official Mini standard.