# Vocabulary changes

Sino-Mini has 1,000 words. 小语 (xiǎo yǔ), “little language,” is the language’s name.

## Structural particles

The three structural particles are replaced. Their functions and ordering remain unchanged. 乃 covers identity, noun objects, and existence; 很 remains very.

| Former word | New word | Before | After | Explanation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 啊 | 乃 | 啊 ā — noun object; identity/category; subjectless existence | 乃 nǎi — noun object; identity/category; subjectless existence | Introduces a noun expression: identity or category after a subject, an object after a verbal expression, and existence without a subject. 不 乃 denies existence. The identity use is Chinese-motivated; object and existential marking are Sino-Mini extensions. |
| 诶 | 呈 | 诶 ēi — quality/state predicate; directly caused result; ambient quality | 呈 chéng — quality/state predicate; directly caused result; ambient quality | Introduces an asserted quality or state, including location, ambient descriptions, and directly caused result qualities. It does not imply seeming, becoming, or visible appearance. 很 retains its meaning very. |
| 咿 | 兮 | 咿 yī — verbal predicate marker | 兮 xī — verbal predicate marker | Introduces a verbal predicate; initially without a subject it introduces a command. A literary Chinese particle repurposed as a structural marker, not an aspect marker. |

## Meaning distinctions and vocabulary choices

First, 舌 tongue was separated from 语 language. The remaining approved vocabulary revisions followed. All 64 review decisions are resolved, including the explicit keep/omit decisions; H36 and H62 are one coordinated change.

| proposal_ids | character | action | before | after | decision |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| H64 | 舌 | Modify | tongue; language | tongue; bodily tongue | The bodily tongue. Language uses 语. 小语 is now the established proper name of Sino-Mini, literally little language. |
| H64 | 语 | Add |  | language; system of linguistic communication | Language as a system of communication, spoken, written, or signed. 说 concerns saying/speaking, 话 speech/conversation, and 词 an individual word. The fixed reading is yǔ. |
| H03 | 性 | Add |  | sexuality; sexual activity | The sexual concept. Gender, biological sex classification, and arbitrary properties are not automatic synonyms; state the intended distinction when needed. |
| H04 | 兄 | Add |  | sibling, neutral in age and gender | A sibling of any gender or age relative to the speaker. This neutralization is a deliberate Sino-Mini extension. State age or gender when relevant. |
| H05 | 孕 | Add |  | pregnant; pregnancy | Pregnancy. The gestational organ can be described anatomically; pregnancy and the uterus are not the same referent. |
| H07 | 主 | Add |  | main; primary | Primary status or role, distinct from importance 重. Ownership and hosting are described through their relationships rather than assumed from 主. |
| H10 | 进 | Add |  | enter; go in | Movement into an interior. Replaces 入 for entry. Uses ordinary grammatical constructions without importing Mandarin directional-complement rules. |
| H12 | 组 | Add |  | group; set | A group or set in context, including objects or people. 队 centers on a team or formation, and 合 on joining/together. |
| H13 | 弃 | Add |  | discard; abandon; give up | Deliberately relinquishing something. 离 concerns leaving or separation; 废 concerns waste or discarded material. |
| H14 | 告 | Add |  | tell; inform; notify | Communicating information to someone. 说 concerns saying/speaking, and 讯 information or a message. Accusation requires the alleged wrongdoing to be stated; it is not an automatic meaning. |
| H15 | 哭 | Add |  | cry; weep | Crying or weeping. 泪 centers on tears. These are lexical centers, not fixed noun/verb classes. |
| H16 | 臭 | Add |  | foul-smelling; stinky | An unpleasant smell, contrasting with 香 fragrant. The fixed reading is chòu. |
| H18 | 相 | Add |  | mutual; reciprocal; one another | Ordinary modification expressing reciprocity. 他 们 咿 相 帮 means they help one another. Participants and scope follow context; no separate clause construction is introduced. |
| H19 | 次 | Add |  | occurrence; occasion; time an event happens | An occurrence for counting events. 三 次 means three occurrences in context; it does not measure three hours or require classifiers for other nouns. |
| H20 | 认 | Add |  | recognize; recognition | Recognition of a person, pattern, or other referent. 知 remains knowing/understanding; acknowledgement is not automatically required. |
| H21 | 活 | Add |  | alive; live; life | Being alive or living. 生 concerns birth or origination, rather than continued life. |
| H23 | 受 | Add |  | undergo; be affected by | Undergoing an effect or experience. 收 concerns receiving something. This is an ordinary semantic word, not a passive particle. |
| H24 | 期 | Add |  | period; term | An extended time interval. Does not automatically name an expectation or deadline. |
| H25 | 边 | Add |  | edge; side | A physical edge or side in context. 限 remains a limit, restriction, or boundary. |
| H26 | 调 | Add |  | adjust; tune | Adjustment or tuning. Use the fixed tiáo reading; tone and transfer senses associated with diào are not included. |
| H27 | 党 | Add |  | political party | An organized political party. A social gathering or celebration is a different concept. |
| H28 | 级 | Add |  | level; grade; rank | A discrete level in a stated hierarchy or scale, distinct from physical height or undifferentiated quantity. |
| H30 | 查 | Add |  | check; inspect | Checking or inspecting. 找 centers on searching and 考 on examination; the intended activity follows context. |
| H31 | 标 | Add |  | mark; label | A mark or label used to identify or indicate something. 图 concerns pictures and diagrams; 示 concerns showing. |
| H01 | 重 | Modify | weight, weigh, heavy | heavy; weight; weighty; important | Physical weight or figurative importance, distinguished by context. A weight measurement makes the physical sense explicit. The fixed reading remains zhòng; repeated/again is not included. |
| H02 | 表 | Modify | cousin | express; show outwardly | Outward expression or display. Cousin, table, form, and watch are not automatic meanings. Describe a cousin as a parent's sibling's child when that relationship matters. |
| H06 | 亲 | Modify | relative; kin | parent | A parent. More distant kin are described through their relationships, such as a parent's sibling. Gender or a biological, adoptive, or other parental relationship can be specified when relevant. |
| H12 | 队 | Modify | team; group in formation; queue | team; group in formation; queue | An organized team or formation. 组 names a neutral group or set; a procession is described through the group's movement. |
| H12 | 合 | Modify | join, group, together | join; together; joined | Joining or being together. Use 组 for a neutral group/set and 队 for a team or formation. |
| H13 | 离 | Modify | leave, quit, abandon, exit | leave; depart; separate | Departure or separation. Deliberately abandoning or giving something up uses 弃. |
| H14 | 说 | Modify | say; tell; speak; utter | say; speak; utter | Saying or speaking. 告 centers on informing a recipient; the two may apply to the same event from different perspectives. |
| H14,H42 | 讯 | Modify | information, inform, informative | information; message | Information or a bounded communicative message in context. 告 centers on informing someone. No separate message-only entry is required. |
| H15 | 泪 | Modify | tears, to cry | tear; tears | Tears as the lexical center. 哭 is the ordinary crying concept; grammatical role remains contextual for both words. |
| H17 | 真 | Modify | true, truth, really | true; truth; genuine; real; really | Truth, genuineness, or reality in context. State the particular claim when truth and existence must be distinguished. 实 is not a separate word. |
| H21 | 生 | Modify | life, live | birth; be born; originate; origination | Coming into life or existence. Continued living uses 活. Raw, unfamiliar, student, and other Mandarin senses are not automatic meanings. |
| H29 | 近 | Modify | near; spatial/contextual proximity | near; close; approximate in context | Spatial or contextual proximity, including approximation to a stated number or value. No separate 约 approximation word is added. |
| H33 | 假 | Modify | vacation, holiday | false; fake | False or fake. The fixed reading is now jiǎ. Vacation or leave is described through time off or rest; it is not a remaining meaning of 假. |
| H36,H62 | 释 | Modify | freedom, free, liberate | release; liberation; set free | Release or liberation. 解 centers on explanation. Physical unbinding can be described as releasing the binding; the intended relationship follows context. |
| H36,H62 | 解 | Modify | untie; loosen; release a binding | explain; interpret; explanation | Explanation or interpretation. Physical untying uses a release description where appropriate. Solve, melt, dissolve, and other Mandarin senses are not automatically added. |
| H37 | 工 | Modify | industry, industrial | work; labor | Work or labor as a general concept. Industry can be described through production, factories, and the relevant sector. No separate work/toil distinction is required. |
| H38 | 种 | Modify | seed | seed; sow in context | Seed or sowing in context, always pronounced zhǒng in Sino-Mini. This fixed reading is a deliberate regularization, not a noun/verb pronunciation alternation. |
| H38 | 植 | Modify | plant; biological plant | plant; biological plant | The biological plant concept, with ordinary contextual action uses permitted. 菜 names vegetables. Grammatical position and context determine the intended role. |
| H39 | 存 | Modify | exist, existence, existent | exist; remain; preserve; store; save | A related persistence/preservation family. 我 咿 存 啊 钱 can mean I save/store money; context distinguishes existence from keeping a specified thing. |
| H40 | 灰 | Modify | gray | ash; gray | Ash and the associated gray color. Context distinguishes the substance from the color; 烬 is no longer a separate entry. |
| H57 | 指 | Modify | finger or toe; digit of a hand or foot | finger | Finger as the lexical center. A toe can be described as a foot finger/digit in context. Pointing is not automatically added as another meaning. |
| H58 | 导 | Modify | guide; lead; direct; conduct | lead; guide; direct | Leading or guidance, including a leader as a contextual participant use. 引 attraction remains distinct; no separate 领 entry is required. |
| H59 | 术 | Modify | method, procedure, technique, means, methodical | method; technique; procedure | A way of doing something. Technology can be described through applied methods, devices, and systems; 巧 covers skillfulness. |
| H60 | 议 | Modify | suggest; propose; proposal | discuss; deliberate; propose | Considering and putting forward ideas. 论 centers on an articulated position or theory rather than the discussion itself. |
| H60 | 论 | Modify | theory, theorize | theory; articulated position | A theory or articulated position. Discussion and proposal-making center on 议. |
| H01 | 要 | Merge | important, importance, to matter | 重 | Give 重 the related heavy/weighty/important senses; retire 要. |
| H03 | 交 | Replace | sexual activity; copulate | 性 | Replace 交 with 性 xìng for sexuality/sexual activity. Exclude automatic gender and general-property senses. |
| H04 | 昆 | Replace | sibling, brother, sister | 兄 | Replace 昆 with 兄 xiōng for sibling, explicitly neutral in age and gender in Sino-Mini. |
| H05 | 宫 | Replace | womb, uterus | 孕 | Replace 宫 womb with 孕 yùn pregnant/pregnancy. |
| H10 | 入 | Replace | enter; go into | 进 | Prefer 进 jìn to newly added 入 for enter/go in; do not keep both. |
| H34 | 盗 | Remove | pirate | contextual description | Remove 盗 and use 偷 for stealing; describe piracy or forcible taking when needed. |
| H37 | 劳 | Merge | work, labor, hard-working | 工 | Use 工 for work/labor and retire 劳. Describe industry through production, factories, and the relevant sector. |
| H40 | 烬 | Merge | cinder, ash, ashy | 灰 | Give 灰 ash and gray; retire 烬. |
| H42 | 息 | Merge | message, notification, notify | 讯 | Remove 息; let 讯 cover information/message and 告 informing. |
| H43 | 娱 | Remove | amuse, entertain, fun, entertainment | contextual description | Remove 娱; use play, humor, performance, pleasure, or the particular entertaining activity in context. |
| H44 | 庇 | Remove | asylum, refuge, shelter | contextual description | Remove 庇; describe shelter/refuge/protection and its place or institution. |
| H45 | 偶 | Remove | doll, puppet | contextual description | Remove 偶; describe a toy human/animal representation or a manipulated figure. |
| H46 | 酥 | Remove | butter, buttery | contextual description | Remove 酥 as a dedicated butter word; use a contextual dairy-fat description, elaborated by preparation if needed. |
| H47 | 袄 | Remove | jacket, coat | contextual description | Remove 袄; describe the outer garment, warmth, material, or cut when relevant. |
| H48 | 候 | Remove | weather, climate | contextual description | Remove 候; describe atmospheric conditions with the sky/air/environment vocabulary and their qualities. |
| H49 | 殖 | Remove | colony, colonial, colonize | contextual description | Remove 殖; describe settlement and territorial domination in the relevant historical context. |
| H50 | 籍 | Remove | citizenship; civic membership | contextual description | Remove 籍; describe civic membership and rights under the specified country or institution. |
| H51 | 怪 | Remove | monster | contextual description | Remove 怪; describe an unusual/frightening creature or the particular supernatural being. |
| H52 | 砼 | Remove | concrete | contextual description | Remove 砼; describe the construction mixture, naming its binder and aggregate when precision matters. |
| H53 | 鸮 | Remove | owl | contextual description | Remove 鸮; describe the nocturnal bird of prey and distinguishing appearance as needed. |
| H54 | 喙 | Remove | beak | contextual description | Remove 喙; describe the hard mouth structure of the bird or other animal. |
| H55 | 踵 | Remove | heel | contextual description | Remove 踵; describe the rear part of the foot using the spatial vocabulary. |
| H56 | 榻 | Remove | sofa | contextual description | Remove 榻; describe a long padded seat intended for several people. |
| H58 | 领 | Merge | lead, leader, direct, guide | 导 | Merge 领 into 导 for lead/guide/direct. |
| H59 | 技 | Merge | technology, technological, technical | 术 | Merge 技 into 术 for technique/method; describe technology through applied methods and their devices/systems. |

## Earlier vocabulary changes

All 83 recommended rows are covered; the 64 held rows are not adopted. Multiple word-level changes can implement one review row.

| proposal_ids | character | action | before | after | decision |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A01 | 也 | Add |  | also; too | Adds another participant, action, or description to one understood from context. Ordinary modifier: 也 读 means also read; 再 读 means read again. |
| A02 | 只 | Add |  | only; merely | Restricts the following expression in context. 只 我 names only me; 只 读 names only reading. 独 remains alone or sole within a stated set. |
| A03 | 少 | Add |  | few; little in quantity | A small quantity, distinct from 减 comparing a lower quantity or degree. |
| A04 | 加 | Add |  | add; plus; increase | Additive change and arithmetic addition. 合 joins and 总 expresses a total; neither is an automatic synonym for addition. |
| A05 | 老 | Add |  | old; aged; long-standing | Age or long duration. Context distinguishes an aged friend from a friendship of long standing. 古 remains ancient. |
| A06 | 回 | Add |  | return; go back | Returning to a place or earlier position. 再 means again; 背 refers to a bodily back or rear. |
| A07 | 入 | Add |  | enter; go into | Movement into an interior, distinct from 中 inside and 往 toward. Uses the ordinary grammar; no result-complement construction is added. |
| A08 | 出 | Add |  | go out; emerge | Movement outward, distinct from the broader departure or abandonment expressed by 离. |
| A09 | 直 | Add |  | straight; direct | Spatial straightness or directness in context. Does not automatically mean morally right or geometrically flat. |
| A10 | 湿 | Add |  | wet; damp | Moisture or wetness, contrasting with 干 dry. |
| A11 | 净 | Add |  | clean; free of dirt | Cleanliness. 纯 means pure or unmixed; 明 concerns brightness or visual clarity. |
| A12 | 苦 | Add |  | bitter in taste | The bitter taste. Hardship and suffering are not automatic meanings of this word. |
| A13 | 温 | Add |  | warm; moderately hot | Temperature between cool and hot in context. No automatic gentle-personality or review/revise sense. |
| A14 | 薄 | Add |  | thin in thickness | Counterpart to 厚. Use 瘦 for bodily leanness. The fixed reading is báo. |
| A15 | 胖 | Add |  | fat; plump in body shape | Bodily shape, distinct from material thickness 厚 and fatty material 脂. |
| A16 | 瘦 | Add |  | thin; lean in body shape | Bodily leanness, contrasting with 胖. Sheet thickness uses 薄. |
| A17 | 杀 | Add |  | kill | Causing death. Also expressible through 做 and 死; this word gives the common concept a concise form. |
| A18 | 害 | Add |  | harm; harmful | Harm or damaging effects, contrasting with 益 benefit. |
| A19 | 建 | Add |  | build; construct | Building or construction. Does not automatically mean every kind of establishment or accomplishment. The former suggestion sense remains retired. |
| A20 | 成 | Add |  | succeed; accomplish; successful completion | Successful accomplishment. An ordinary semantic word, not an aspect marker or result particle. 完 concerns completion without necessarily asserting success. |
| A21 | 藏 | Add |  | hide; conceal | Concealment. Shade 阴 and submerging 潜 are different concepts. No automatic storage sense. |
| A22 | 词 | Add |  | word; linguistic word | A unit of language. 字 names a written character or letter; 句 names a phrase or sentence. |
| A23 | 客 | Add |  | guest; visitor; customer in a service setting | The visitor role, including a customer in a service setting. The particular relationship follows context. |
| A24 | 筷 | Add |  | chopstick | A chopstick. Context or ordinary number expressions indicate one stick or a pair. |
| A25 | 落 | Add |  | fall; drop | Falling or dropping, distinct from the downward direction 下. Participants and any object follow the ordinary grammar. |
| S01 | 邀 → 请 | Replace | invite, invitation | invite; invitation | Invitation. No special politeness particle or unrestricted request meaning is introduced. |
| S02 | 凳 → 椅 | Replace | stool; bench | chair; seated furniture in context | Centered on chairs. Specify a backless stool or bench when the distinction matters; these are contextual descriptions, not automatic exact synonyms. |
| S03 | 庸 → 常 | Replace | ordinary; usual | usual; customary; often; usually | Usual or recurring behavior. Being frequent need not mean being unremarkable; describe the latter explicitly when needed. 永 means throughout the stated interval. |
| S04 | 壤 → 土 | Replace | soil; earth material | soil; earth material | Soil or earth material. Does not automatically mean clay, mud, native, rustic, or unsophisticated. |
| S05 | 迈 → 步 | Replace | step, stride, pace | step; pace | A step or pace. 走 remains walking. The former general-walking allocation of 步 remains historical. |
| S06 | 悬 → 挂 | Replace | hang; suspended | hang; suspend | Physical hanging or suspension; no narrative-suspense sense. |
| S07 | 待 → 等 | Replace | wait; remain pending an event | wait; await | Waiting or awaiting, without asserting hope, belief, or eventual occurrence. No equality or etcetera meaning. |
| S08 | 助 → 帮 | Replace | help; assistance | help; assist; assistance | Assistance. Concern, care, and advocacy need not be the same relationship. |
| S09 | 裹 → 包 | Replace | package, parcel, packet, bundle | wrap; package; wrapping or container in context | The wrapping or packaging family. A container is interpreted through this use; no automatic bun, guarantee, or include sense. |
| S10 | 袍 → 裙 | Replace | dress, robe | skirt; dress | Centered on skirts and dresses. A robe needs a contextual garment description when the distinction matters. |
| S11 | 垃 → 废 | Replace | trash, garbage, waste, to throw away | waste; discarded or unusable material | Waste and discarded material. Discarding need not involve throwing; 扔 remains physical throwing. No general depose or abolish meaning. |
| S12 | 闭 → 关 | Replace | close, shut, seal | close; shut; switch off | Closing or shutting off. No mountain-pass, checkpoint, or border sense. |
| S13 | 绘 → 画 | Replace | draw; depict; drawing; sketch; graphical design; blueprint | draw; depict; make a picture; drawing | Depiction or making a picture. 涂 describes applying paint or a coating to a surface. |
| M01 | 即 | Modify | soon | immediately; at once | Immediate occurrence. Does not mean soon in general. |
| M02 | 队 | Modify | parade, march, procession | team; group in formation; queue | The organized group or formation. Describe marching or a procession through the participants and their movement. |
| M03 | 方 | Modify | square, plaza | square in shape | Square geometry. A public plaza requires a place description; direction uses 向 and method uses 式 or 术. |
| M04 | 中 | Modify | center | middle; center; inside; within | The middle or interior. Inside/within is the location use already present in the grammar. |
| M05 | 转 | Modify | turn, gyrate, spin, whirl | turn; change orientation | Turning or changing orientation. The fixed reading is zhuǎn; unqualified spinning or whirling is not automatically included. |
| M06 | 欠 | Modify | yawn, gape | owe; be indebted | Debt or indebtedness. The former yawn/gape allocation is retired. |
| M07 | 排 | Modify | steak; chop; substantial cut of meat | arrange in a row; line up | Arranging in a row. 列 remains a series or list. Does not name a steak, chop, or every kind of ordering. |
| M08 | 票 | Modify | vote | ticket; ballot; token of admission or entitlement in context | A ticket or ballot interpreted by its institutional use. A vote can be described through ballot use; 选 covers choosing or electing. |
| M09 | 控 | Modify | accuse, accusation, charge (legal) | control; regulate | Control or regulation. An accusation is expressed by stating the claimed wrongdoing; accuse is not an automatic meaning. |
| M10 | 巡 | Modify | police | patrol; make rounds | Patrolling. A police role requires its institutional enforcement relationship to be described. |
| M11 | 烧 | Modify | fever, feverish | burn; apply burning heat | Burning heat. 火 already covers fire/burning, 焦 the scorched result, and 烤 roasting. Does not mean fever or all cooking. |
| M12 | 核 | Modify | nut | core; kernel; nucleus | A core or kernel. Does not generically name every edible nut; a hard-fruit description needs further context for precision. |
| M13 | 投 | Modify | invest, investment | cast or direct into or toward a target | A directed placement or commitment toward a target, physically or contextually. 扔 is physical throwing. Investment and voting require the funds or ballot context; combinations have no separate lexical definitions. |
| M14 | 幻 | Modify | magic, magical, conjure | illusory; imaginary; illusion | Illusion or imagined appearance. Does not automatically mean magic; describe the intended magical event explicitly. |
| M15 | 录 | Modify | video | record; recording | Recording, with sound or moving images specified when the medium matters. No video-only meaning. |
| M16 | 暂 | Modify | pause, break, interruption | temporary; for a while | Temporary duration. 暂 停 describes a temporary stop without defining another word. |
| M17 | 暴 | Modify | storm, stormy, typhoon, hurricane | violent; fierce force or behavior | Violent force or behavior. Storms require meteorological descriptions; sudden events do not automatically follow from this word. |
| M18 | 异 | Modify | foreign, alien | different; differ; variation | Difference or variation. Foreign origin needs a country or origin description. |
| M18 | 别 | Modify | other, different | other; another | Another member or alternative. Use 异 when asserting a difference in properties. |
| M19 | 羊 | Modify | sheep | sheep; goat | The sheep/goat category. Specify the animal when the distinction matters; 羚 remains antelope. |
| M19 | 羚 | Modify | goat or antelope | antelope | Antelope. Goat belongs with 羊; the two categories are not interchangeable. |
| M20 | 鼠 | Modify | mouse, rat | rodent; mouse; rat | The broad rodent category, with mouse and rat as familiar instances. Specify species when needed. |
| M21 | 虫 | Modify | insect, bug | bug; insect; worm-like small invertebrate | An ordinary broad small-creature category. This does not classify worms as zoological insects. |
| M22 | 礼 | Modify | rite, ceremony, ceremonial | ritual; socially conventional courtesy | Conventional social conduct, including ritual and courtesy. Does not mean general gentleness. |
| M23 | 廊 | Modify | hall, corridor | corridor | A corridor or passage, distinct from a large shared room 厅. |
| M23 | 厅 | Modify | salon, parlor | hall; large shared room | A hall or shared room. A living-room interpretation depends on use and context. |
| M24 | 涂 | Modify | paint, painting, painted | apply paint or coating; smear | Applying a material to a surface. 画 is depiction or making a picture. |
| M25 | 根 | Modify | root, rooted, rhizome, tuber | root | Root. Rhizomes and tubers are different plant structures and require appropriate descriptions. |
| M26 | 台 | Modify | scene, stage | stage; platform | A stage or platform. Does not automatically name any scene, view, or event setting. |
| M27 | 历 | Modify | calendar, schedule, timetable | calendar | Calendar. A program or agenda can use 程; schedule and timetable are not automatic meanings here. |
| M28 | 突 | Modify | sudden, suddenly, abrupt, to precipitate | sudden; abrupt | Suddenness or abruptness. Does not mean causing an arbitrary event to happen or precipitating a substance. |
| M29 | 科 | Modify | science, scientific, -ology | science; scientific field in context | Science or a scientific field in context. There is no grammatical -ology suffix. |
| M30 | 明 | Clean Mandarin note | Ming Dynasty (1368–1644); surname Ming; Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2 di4] descended from Shennong 神農\|神农[Shen2 nong2] Farmer God | bright; clear to sight | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 最 | Clean Mandarin note | (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est; (after 之[zhi1]) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最[shi4 jie4 zhi1 zui4] "the greatest in the world") | most; greatest degree | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 很 | Clean Mandarin note | very; quite; (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) | very | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 完 | Clean Mandarin note | to finish; to be over; whole; complete; entire | finish; complete | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 变 | Clean Mandarin note | to change; to become different; to transform; to vary; rebellion | change; become | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 吗 | Clean Mandarin note | (question particle for "yes-no" questions) | yes/no question particle | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 沙 | Clean Mandarin note | granule; hoarse; raspy; sand; powder; CL:粒[li4]; abbr. for Tsar or Tsarist Russia | sand | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 硬 | Clean Mandarin note | hard; stiff; solid; (fig.) strong; firm; resolutely; uncompromisingly; laboriously; with great difficulty; good (quality); able (person); (of food) filling; substantial | hard; firm | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 平 | Clean Mandarin note | flat; level; smooth; to make even; to level; equal; on the same level; (bound form) fair; impartial; to tie; to draw; (bound form) average; ordinary; (bound form) calm; peaceful; (bound form) to quell; to suppress; to put down; (abbr. for 平聲\|平声[ping2 sheng1]); (coll.) square meter (abbr. for 平方米[ping2 fang1 mi3]) | flat; level | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 到 | Clean Mandarin note | to reach; to arrive; to leave for; to go to; to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point); (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point); considerate; thoughtful; thorough | reach; arrive | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 倒 | Clean Mandarin note | to invert; to place upside down or frontside back; to pour out; to tip out; to dump; inverted; upside down; reversed; to go backward; contrary to what one might expect; but; yet | pour (dào); also fall or reverse with other readings/uses | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 借 | Clean Mandarin note | to borrow; (used in combination with 給\|给[gei3] or 出[chu1] etc) to lend; to make use of; to avail oneself of; (sometimes followed by 著\|着[zhe5]) by; with | borrow; lend in Mandarin | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 奖 | Clean Mandarin note | prize; award; bonus; reward; (bound form) to encourage; to commend; to praise; to award; to give as a reward | reward; award | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 权 | Clean Mandarin note | authority; power; right; (literary) to weigh; expedient; temporary | authority; power; rights | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 资 | Clean Mandarin note | resources; capital; to provide; to supply; to support; money; expense | funds; capital; resources | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| M30 | 轻 | Clean Mandarin note | light; easy; gentle; soft; reckless; unimportant; frivolous; small in number; unstressed; neutral; to disparage | light in weight; gentle in force | Keep the relevant Mandarin sense note separate from the adopted Sino-Mini definition. |
| D01 | 使 | Merge | messenger; envoy | 代 | Use 代 for representative/envoy. Duplicate allocation; 做 already supplies causation. |
| D02 | 具 | Remove | furniture | description | Use 器 and a description of domestic use or the actual furnishing. Furniture need not have a separate misleading character; “house implement” remains a broad description. |
| D03 | 券 | Merge | ticket; token granting a specified claim | 票 | Use revised 票. Keep the ticket/claim concept in one entry. |
| D04 | 凶 | Merge | violence, violent | 暴 | Use revised 暴. Consolidates violent behavior/force. |
| D05 | 殊 | Merge | vary; variation | 异 | Use revised 异. Variation is contextual difference; no second near-synonym needed. |
| D06 | 柔 | Merge | soft; yielding | 软 | Use 软 for material softness/yielding; 轻 where gentle force is meant. Remove the substantial softness overlap without making gentle force identical to soft material. |
| D07 | 谑 | Merge | joke, jest | 逗 | Use 逗 for humor/joking. A separate literary joke word adds little. |
| D08 | 彬 | Merge | polite, gentle, gracious, courteous | 礼 | Use revised 礼 for courteous conduct. Exclude the old unrelated general gentleness gloss. |
| D09 | 哪 | Remove | where | description | Use 什 with a location expression, following the existing grammar. Eliminates a separate where word and its conflict with Mandarin which. |
| D10 | 健 | Remove | sport, athletic, physical exercise | description | Use 康 for health and descriptions involving movement, training, or competition. Exercise and competitive sport are not identical, so use the appropriate description. |
| D11 | 澒 | Remove | infinity, infinite | description | Describe absence of a bound or unbounded quantity explicitly. Do not substitute 永 indiscriminately: always is temporal, not mathematical infinity. |
| D12 | 辎 | Remove | luggage, baggage, gear, personal effects, to lug | description | Describe travel belongings or name the bags/items. Removes an obscure general-luggage allocation. Travel belongings and one travel box remain different descriptions. |
| D13 | 啮 | Merge | rodent (non-mouse), squirrel, beaver | 鼠 | Use the explicit broader rodent category. Do not preserve 啮 as non-mouse rodents under a character associated with gnawing. |
| D14 | 豸 | Merge | worm | 虫 | Use revised 虫 and describe the creature when needed. Avoid the obscure worm allocation. |
| D15 | 喃 | Remove | murmur; whisper | description | Describe speaking quietly or in a low voice. Whispering specifically excludes normal voicing; add that detail if it matters rather than claiming every quiet utterance is a whisper. |


## Inanimate pronoun

它 (tā) replaces 其 (qí) for objects, ideas, and situations. Its grammatical uses are unchanged: 它 色 means “its color,” and 它 们 is an explicit plural. 他 remains the gender-neutral personal pronoun. Both are pronounced tā.

## Polite requests with 请

请 (qǐng) includes invite, invitation, request politely, and please. It adds optional politeness within an ordinary verb stack: 兮 请 来 means “Please come.”